Hi, we've been having a debate about the question of work experience and MBAs in this forum recently.While its not always a stated requirement, its a good idea to have some experience. For example, when you apply for an MBA many business schools will expect you to prove your leadership skills, often found in the form of managerial work experience. Excellent communication skills are also key in a successful application, and once more it is often easier to demonstrate these in concrete examples when you can draw on different real life work experience situations and scenarios. However, it could be that you have gained lots of useful experience through extracurricular activities, or initiatives taken in other forms.You should also consider which specific programme is going to be of the most use for you, and how you might want to specialise, then compare courses and institutions.
Saturday, May 29, 2010
MBA in University of Central Punjab
The history of University of Central Punjab can be traced back to 1985, when the first institution under the auspices of the Islamic Commerce Educational Society was established in Lahore by the name of Punjab College of Commerce. The Punjab Law College was inaugurated three years later in 1988 at Lahore. The Punjab Group of Colleges motivated primarily by a great missionary urge and inspired by the tremendous response from the public at large, branched out into all major cities of Punjab. Pursuant to arrangements with foreign accredited universities, the Punjab College of Business Administration (PCBA) was established in 1991 and the Punjab Institute of Computer Science (PICS) in 1993, at Lahore. In less than five years both institutions emerged as highly specialized educational centres, training individuals as successful professional managers and computer scientists. By the year 1996, the Punjab Group of Colleges had established twelve campuses in various cities of the Punjab and with more than 18,000 students enrolled at that time had emerged as the largest higher educational network in the private sector in Pakistan.
Hailey College of Banking and Finance
The College presently offers following degree programs under semester system.B.B.A.(Hons) <=> Four Years Degree Program(Morning)
M.B.A. <=> Two Years Degree Program (Morning)
E.M.B.A. <=> Two Years Degree Program (Evening)
These degree programs are offered in two separate diciplines.
Banking and Finance
Insurance and Risk Management
MBA in IQRA University Karachi
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Business Administration
BBA, MBA, MPhil, PhD
MEDIA SCIENCES
BMS (ADVERTISING)
BMS (FILM & TV)
BMS (ANIMATION)
MS (ADVERTISING)
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electronic Engineering
Department of Telecommunication Engineering
FASHION DESIGN (CLIFTON CAMPUS)
Fashion Design
BFD (honors)
Textile Design
BTD (honors)
EDUCATION & LEARNING SCIENCES HUMANITIES & ISLAMIC LEARNING (GULSHAN CAMPUS)
Education
B Ed, M Ed, MPhil/Phd
SOCIAL SCIENCES (ISLAMABAD)
BDS, MS IR & MS DS
Business Administration
BBA, MBA, MPhil, PhD
MEDIA SCIENCES
BMS (ADVERTISING)
BMS (FILM & TV)
BMS (ANIMATION)
MS (ADVERTISING)
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electronic Engineering
Department of Telecommunication Engineering
FASHION DESIGN (CLIFTON CAMPUS)
Fashion Design
BFD (honors)
Textile Design
BTD (honors)
EDUCATION & LEARNING SCIENCES HUMANITIES & ISLAMIC LEARNING (GULSHAN CAMPUS)
Education
B Ed, M Ed, MPhil/Phd
SOCIAL SCIENCES (ISLAMABAD)
BDS, MS IR & MS DS
Corporate Social Responsibility Club
Students also lead a number of industry-aligned and social clubs - all of which organise formal and informal events: Asian Business Club - Aims to be a connector between the AGSM community and Asia as well as a platform for people from this region to participate in the tremendous opportunities Asia offers. Corporate Social Responsibility Club - CSR has two purposes – to increase awareness and knowledge of corporate social responsibility and to utilise the skills of the AGSM community for the benefit of the society. It raises money for charity by organising events. Consulting Club - This club provides students interested in a consulting career with information about the consulting industry in Australia. Fast Moving Consumer Goods Club - The FMCG club has two main objectives. Firstly to increase the exposure of the AGSM community to recent trends within consumer focused industries and secondly, to provide students with opportunities to explore the range of roles available in the FMCG industry. Finance Society - The Society strives to foster an environment that encourages further learning and assists in career development in the corporate finance and financial services industry.
MBA in Asian Business Club
Students also lead a number of industry-aligned and social clubs - all of which organise formal and informal events: Asian Business Club - Aims to be a connector between the AGSM community and Asia as well as a platform for people from this region to participate in the tremendous opportunities Asia offers. Corporate Social Responsibility Club - CSR has two purposes – to increase awareness and knowledge of corporate social responsibility and to utilise the skills of the AGSM community for the benefit of the society. It raises money for charity by organising events. Consulting Club - This club provides students interested in a consulting career with information about the consulting industry in Australia. Fast Moving Consumer Goods Club - The FMCG club has two main objectives. Firstly to increase the exposure of the AGSM community to recent trends within consumer focused industries and secondly, to provide students with opportunities to explore the range of roles available in the FMCG industry. Finance Society - The Society strives to foster an environment that encourages further learning and assists in career development in the corporate finance and financial services industry.
AGSM Student Society
We place a high value on the sense of community that has grown up amongst our students. A great place to start is by joining one of the student clubs and the very active AGSM Student Society. The role of the AGSM Student Society is to make the student experience as positive and fulfilling as possible. It also provides students with a platform to recommend changes or address concerns about their studies or any aspect of life at the school.AGSM MBA students in United states
Many AGSM MBA students live at New College Village - the University of New South Wales’ first residential community designed primarily for postgraduates. The focus of the New College Village is on providing an exciting postgraduate community. The NCV shares its name and similar ideals to that of New College at UNSW (which founded the NCV). This in turn takes its name in part from the original New College established at Oxford University in 1379. New College Village, like its counterparts, is a place concerned about the intellectual, social and spiritual development of its residents. It is a place that seeks to make a difference to people’s lives and instil a love for life-long learning and openness to the ideas of others.
16-month program MBA in USA
The full-time AGSM MBA is a globally-recognised qualification, ranking 32 in the world in the 2009 FT (UK) global rankings.The AGSM MBA is a 16-month program, based in Sydney. The core component of the program aims to embed core management disciplines, sharpen problem-solving and decision-making skills and develop influencing and team-based skills that will assist students in managing in a global business environment. The elective phase of the program provides an opportunity for students to take courses across a range of disciplines, or to focus on a special area of interest. The MBA incorporates an option for international exchange at one of AGSM’s 28 partner institutions including London Business School, Chicago Graduate School of Business and ESADE. Management projects and internships may also be built into the elective phase of the program.the MBA (Executive) Program is a part-time program delivered across Australia. Further, the Graduate Certificate in Change Management is delivered online. AGSM MBA Programs are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and were the first Australian programs to receive this accreditation.
MBA Degree in Australian School of Business
AGSM MBA Programs are delivered through the Australian School of Business at UNSW.The Australian School of Business is Australia’s leading business school. We offer a complete range of business degree programs at the undergraduate, postgraduate (including MBA) and executive education levels. We are committed to the pursuit of excellence in business education and research. We have over 8000 students studying in nine schools and research centres, 220 full-time academics and researchers who are global leaders in their fields. Our reputation is built on our outstanding staff, students and alumni and a cultural diversity which ensures an international focus. We have approximately 5,600 UG students, 2,900 PG students and 250 PhD and Honours students with an almost equal mix of women and men - 30-40% are international. We have over 50,000 alumni, many of whom are in senior positions in government, industry and academia. Our students are talented individuals from more than 120 countries who contribute to a business-school environment characterized by diversity and enlivened by the meeting of many cultures.
mba in Australia's leading research and teaching universities
The University of New South Wales is one of Australia's leading research and teaching universities. At UNSW, we take pride in the broad range and high quality of our teaching programs. Our teaching gains strength and currency from our research activities and our international nature; UNSW has a strong regional and global engagement. In developing new ideas and promoting lasting knowledge we are creating an academic environment where outstanding students and scholars from around the world can be inspired to excel in their programs of study and research.
Friday, May 28, 2010
Office Correspondence in MBA
OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE
Handling correspondence is an important part of office activities. 'Correspondence' means communication in writing as between individuals and institutions on matters of common interest. It may consist of a letter, circular, notice or memorandum but whatever may be its form, th object of the correspondent or sender of the communication is to convey some message or information without personal contact. It is true that face-to-face or telephonic communication adds personal touch t the process of communication and may b a more effective means in some cases; but these are neither practicable nor economical in all cases. Generally, they prove to be more expensive in terms of money , effort and time. On the other hand, written communication office numerous advantages. It is less expensive than all other media. It allows opportunity for adequate thinking and is, therefore, free from errors to a greater extent. Th length and form of the correspondence can be easily adapted to the subject matter and situation. It is more convenient to send unpleasant communication through correspondence. Finally, it provides a written record or evidence of all transactions between parties. For all these reasons, the importance of correspondence has increased rapidly in all parts of the world and in all spheres of activity. Indeed, in th would of business, every letter dispatched is regarded as a silent ambassador of the business, and the reputations of a business depends to a considerable extent on th quantity of correspondence sent from its office. This is all the more so because handling and transmission of written communication has been made both prompt and economical through the introduction of automatic office machines and labour-saving devices and improved means of transport and transmission (with the help of wireless transmitters, teleprinters, etc.)
Office correspondence may b 'external' or 'internal'. External correspondence refers to correspondence with outside individuals, firms, companies and other organisations, whereas internal correspondence refers to correspondence between one individual or department and another within the some as well as correspondence with branch offices, or with the head office of the same organisation.
The nature and form of office correspondence depend upon the purpose for which it is written or the functions of the department where is originates. Accordingly correspondence may be of various types. They may, however, be classified into three broad categories: (1) Correspondence on routine matters like acknowledgment letters, inquiry letters, reply to inquiries, order letters, announcement, invitation and appointment letters, etc. (2) Correspondence involving personal or emotional factors, such as letters requesting, granting or refusing co-operation or favour, letters; conveying gratefulness, appreciation, congratulation or commendation, letters of introduction or or recommendation, letters of sympathy or censure, etc. (3) Correspondence on matters involving special appeal, e.g., sales letters, collection letters, adjustment letters, credit letter, etc.
More Notes on OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE
Handling correspondence is an important part of office activities. 'Correspondence' means communication in writing as between individuals and institutions on matters of common interest. It may consist of a letter, circular, notice or memorandum but whatever may be its form, th object of the correspondent or sender of the communication is to convey some message or information without personal contact. It is true that face-to-face or telephonic communication adds personal touch t the process of communication and may b a more effective means in some cases; but these are neither practicable nor economical in all cases. Generally, they prove to be more expensive in terms of money , effort and time. On the other hand, written communication office numerous advantages. It is less expensive than all other media. It allows opportunity for adequate thinking and is, therefore, free from errors to a greater extent. Th length and form of the correspondence can be easily adapted to the subject matter and situation. It is more convenient to send unpleasant communication through correspondence. Finally, it provides a written record or evidence of all transactions between parties. For all these reasons, the importance of correspondence has increased rapidly in all parts of the world and in all spheres of activity. Indeed, in th would of business, every letter dispatched is regarded as a silent ambassador of the business, and the reputations of a business depends to a considerable extent on th quantity of correspondence sent from its office. This is all the more so because handling and transmission of written communication has been made both prompt and economical through the introduction of automatic office machines and labour-saving devices and improved means of transport and transmission (with the help of wireless transmitters, teleprinters, etc.)
Office correspondence may b 'external' or 'internal'. External correspondence refers to correspondence with outside individuals, firms, companies and other organisations, whereas internal correspondence refers to correspondence between one individual or department and another within the some as well as correspondence with branch offices, or with the head office of the same organisation.
The nature and form of office correspondence depend upon the purpose for which it is written or the functions of the department where is originates. Accordingly correspondence may be of various types. They may, however, be classified into three broad categories: (1) Correspondence on routine matters like acknowledgment letters, inquiry letters, reply to inquiries, order letters, announcement, invitation and appointment letters, etc. (2) Correspondence involving personal or emotional factors, such as letters requesting, granting or refusing co-operation or favour, letters; conveying gratefulness, appreciation, congratulation or commendation, letters of introduction or or recommendation, letters of sympathy or censure, etc. (3) Correspondence on matters involving special appeal, e.g., sales letters, collection letters, adjustment letters, credit letter, etc.
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Office Administration in MBA
A large variety of records are found in modern offices : letters, receipts, invoices, contracts, vouchers, statistics, accounts, tax records, notices, circulars, minutes, price lists, catalogues, etc. Generally, a modern business house has an accountant who is responsible for maintaining the books of accounts. Similarly, there may be qualified statistician to collect relevant information at regular intervals form various departments and other sources and present them in proper form to the man management. The office is concerned with supplying whatever information is required as promptly as possible either by preparing records or making available existing records. Hence, all relevant papers and documents relating to the business must be kept in some order so that whenever they are needed they cab b produced for us. Filing and Indexing are two very important aspects of records management. Filing which the location of records cab be easily known.
Filling is the process of arranging and storing records to that they cab be easily available when required. The importance of filing in an organisation arises from the simple fact that a large number of papers and documents cannot be preserved and handled without proper arrangement. “Records remember where people forget: but if these records cannot be found quickly when needed, the labour involved in producing and storing them is wasted.” Nothing causes more chaos more chaos in an office than unsystematic records management. Still, this aspect of office activity does not always receive proper attention as it is not considered to be a productive work.
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Negotiations in MBA
Understanding Negotiations
Negotiations are a means of resolving differences between people when imposed settlements are not possible. And because so much of our work and personal lives involve resolving differences, the ability to negotiate effectively is an essential life skill. Almost everything we do involves some kind of negotiation. If you think about it, you’ll realize that you negotiate all the time, every day. You negotiated to get your new job and a raise. You negotiated with coworkers about where to hold your last meeting. You negotiated with your spouse and other loved ones about where to take a vacation. When we buy and sell things, sell ideas, and solve problems that involve others, negotiation gets us what we want. Negotiation is a way to get one’s fair share, whether it’s selling a proposal to your boss, settling a labor dispute, buying real estate, or getting that new car. Most Americans are uncomfortable with negotiations (remember the last time you bought a new car?). This may be the consequence of bad experiences or of feeling unprepared to do them well. Ours, unlike some others in the world, is a haggle-free culture. And most Americans seem to prefer it that way. As evidence, consider the customer response to Saturn Corporation’s introduction of its no-haggle sales policy: Here’s the car, here’s the price. People loved it.
You can learn to be a good negotiator if:
You know what you want and what you are willing to give up.
You know (or have a good idea) what the other side wants andwhat it is willing to give up.
You come to the table with a ‘‘how can we both win’’ attitude.
You are skilled in problem solving, listening, basic conflict management, and the uses of tactics and strategies in negotiating.
More Notes on Understanding Negotiations
Negotiations are a means of resolving differences between people when imposed settlements are not possible. And because so much of our work and personal lives involve resolving differences, the ability to negotiate effectively is an essential life skill. Almost everything we do involves some kind of negotiation. If you think about it, you’ll realize that you negotiate all the time, every day. You negotiated to get your new job and a raise. You negotiated with coworkers about where to hold your last meeting. You negotiated with your spouse and other loved ones about where to take a vacation. When we buy and sell things, sell ideas, and solve problems that involve others, negotiation gets us what we want. Negotiation is a way to get one’s fair share, whether it’s selling a proposal to your boss, settling a labor dispute, buying real estate, or getting that new car. Most Americans are uncomfortable with negotiations (remember the last time you bought a new car?). This may be the consequence of bad experiences or of feeling unprepared to do them well. Ours, unlike some others in the world, is a haggle-free culture. And most Americans seem to prefer it that way. As evidence, consider the customer response to Saturn Corporation’s introduction of its no-haggle sales policy: Here’s the car, here’s the price. People loved it.
You can learn to be a good negotiator if:
You know what you want and what you are willing to give up.
You know (or have a good idea) what the other side wants andwhat it is willing to give up.
You come to the table with a ‘‘how can we both win’’ attitude.
You are skilled in problem solving, listening, basic conflict management, and the uses of tactics and strategies in negotiating.
More Notes on Understanding Negotiations
What is Zero Friction Marketing?
What is Zero Friction Marketing?
Why is the concept of Zero Friction catching up and has become one of the hottest discussed topics among top marketers?
Here is what my expereince says. I never believed that I could generate a six figure dollar income online. Nobody can. I have been using internet as a source of my earings since almost five years and was satisfied using the middle path. I wante to be sure I never do anything illegal, and wanted to keep a safe online income coming into my bank account. It was goign all smooth.
And when I read about Sam making a six digit dollar income, I rejected it as a fluke, till... till.. he bought his merc. Yes a bloody RED MERC. I am jealous and ... wanted to know how is he making that king of a money, and I did not have the guts to ask him, till he called me up, inviting for the opening of his new office. There, he opened his source to me. He introduced me to Zero Frinction Marketing. Zero Frinction ... means? It means that there is nothing betweeen you and money.
I had nothing to lose and decided to try it out.
It all started with a small Zero Frinction Marketing Book, I picked up from the net. A little tiny eBook that opened by eyes WIDE. I knew this is it.
Three months since I read those few pages and implemeted it, I am all set my by a new office, just next to Sam's.
I got this Book from here. I am sure ever person interested in making money online can really get good relevant information to make him real rich.
More Notes on Zero Friction Marketing
Why is the concept of Zero Friction catching up and has become one of the hottest discussed topics among top marketers?
Here is what my expereince says. I never believed that I could generate a six figure dollar income online. Nobody can. I have been using internet as a source of my earings since almost five years and was satisfied using the middle path. I wante to be sure I never do anything illegal, and wanted to keep a safe online income coming into my bank account. It was goign all smooth.
And when I read about Sam making a six digit dollar income, I rejected it as a fluke, till... till.. he bought his merc. Yes a bloody RED MERC. I am jealous and ... wanted to know how is he making that king of a money, and I did not have the guts to ask him, till he called me up, inviting for the opening of his new office. There, he opened his source to me. He introduced me to Zero Frinction Marketing. Zero Frinction ... means? It means that there is nothing betweeen you and money.
I had nothing to lose and decided to try it out.
It all started with a small Zero Frinction Marketing Book, I picked up from the net. A little tiny eBook that opened by eyes WIDE. I knew this is it.
Three months since I read those few pages and implemeted it, I am all set my by a new office, just next to Sam's.
I got this Book from here. I am sure ever person interested in making money online can really get good relevant information to make him real rich.
More Notes on Zero Friction Marketing
MBA in Advertising Management
ADVERTISING BUDGET
One of the criticisms leveled against advertising is based on tis 'high cost'. But no manufacture would spend unscrupulously because of one simple reason that high expenditure cannot be accommodated in the margin of profits. But, how far a manufacturer could spend on advertising ? This is a financial problem which is to be tackled by financial manager. Fundamentally, advertising expenditure relates to two aspects. One is the cost involved in the advertisement and the effects created by advertising. Secondly, the volume of advertising and tis relation to overall profitability. It is, thus, a complex problem which is often solved by pre-determining the amount that could be spent on advertising. This is done on the basis of analysis of markets, consumers, nature of products, etc. In other words, an advertising budget is prepared which shows ow much, where and for what purpose advertising funds will be spent. Simply stated manufacturer sets apart a sum to be spent for advertising which is referred ti as 'Advertising appropriation'. As mentioned above, the amount is not arbitrarily fixed but is determine on a scientific basis.
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EVALUATION SHOULD ALWAYS BE IN TERMS OF OBJECTIVES
There are several options of evaluation should always be in terms of objectives
(i) Objectives(ii) Readership(iii) Study the Message (iv) Investigate the Relation Between Readership and Attitudes Toward the Product(v) Small Group Research
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HOW IS THE ADVERTISING AGENCY REMUNERATED ?
The advertising agency receives its compensation from two sources-Commission from the owners of the advertising media and publishers. It is clear from the description that the advertising agency brings business to the owners of the advertising media. In recognition of the fact that advertising agency is paid certain commission, it is usually 15 % of the total amount of the bill by the owners of the media, as such clients pay nothing to it for handling their advertising. In fact it means that the large firms pay nothing for the services rendered by the agency in preparing and placing their advertisement. For instance if an agency occupies a time in radio publicity at a cost of Rs. 10,000, the bill is collected from the advertiser and is given back to the radio medium owners Rs. 8500 after deducting tis commission of Rs. 1500, being 15 %. Most advertising agencies receive about ¾th of their income from commissions. A small agency may earn less tan 2/3th of its income from commissions. The other sources of revenue is the fee charged by the agency to its clients for services on the advice, planning, copy writing, layouts, media selection, scheduling and placement of public relations, package design, point of purchase displays and preparation of sales manuals. Income from the fees varies between 10 % and 33 % of the total income of the agency depending on its size.
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INTRODUCTION
Advertising, though impersonal in character, could create profound influence in persuading prospects to become customers. In contrast to the marketing devices, the advertising carries only a message to the consumers and does not substantiates consumers with any physical presents.Essentially, advertising means spreading of information. From the earliest day men have proclaimed by word of mouth or in writing the virtue of goods which they have produced.
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MEASURING ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS
The evaluation of advertising is divided into media research, copy research and sales results research. The multi variable forces influencing sales make ti almost impossible to measure with high precision the sales effect of advertising. Consequently, most advertising research measures the characteristics of an advertisement, such as exposure, and the ability of the receiver to comprehend, retain and believe in the advertisement. If all of these are present, it is inferred that the advertisement will be effective in producing sales. The problem f measuring advertising effectiveness is still a frontier area for application of complexed scientific methods to market cultivation efforts, particularly in Indian conditions, in which advertising industry is growing; and its problems are closely tied to the economics and cultural problems of the country.
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PRODUCTION OF PRINT
The fundamental needs of print and broadcast media are quite dissimilar and hence they need separate treatment. Mechanical production has more importance for print media for advertising. We have to consider the limitations of production so that cost may not be enhanced and the advertisement may prove in-effective. A copy writer must tell story in fewer words for half page than he needs for the whole page. The emphasis remains the same for verbal and picture elements. If the advertisement is to be given colour, the selling points and benefits should be given in words but not in black and write. The message will be delivered by the medium and the use of printing process can influence the choice of picture. This can be effective' with high class magazines but it is not suitable for coarse paper used for news-papers. After the approval of the copy by the advertiser with layout and finished art for advertisements, these symbol should be translated in mass communication of a printed advertisement. These need a continuous operations in graphic arts. If it is to be printed by offset, the paste up copy is supplied to newspaper or magazine which we call it as “camera ready”. Proofs are adequately produced and photographic negatives are pasted in position exactly as they would appear in the final printed version. Photos and other continuous tone art are separately given to the photographer who pictures them through the screen and then pastes them in position with line negatives. These strips of negatives are used to make the offset printing plates. Thus we get the screened art. While printing is to be done by letter press, the design an size of the type are selected or specific and thus type is sent to the advertiser by agency for approving. Art work for pictures or other graphic elements is sent to the block maker with instructions with size screen and other instructions. Block maker's profits are taken out. They are approved an sent to the press for assembling with the type matter. The proofs of the completed advertisement are sent for final approval or corrections and printing plates are prepared for delivery to the media. The steps may differ with the kind of advertisement and the medium. A local advertiser may type text and lay-out to the newspaper directly. Newspaper functions for all the categories of jobs and compositors supply proofs to the advertiser for approval.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF ADVERTISEMENT
The core of all advertising is suggestion. Advertisement aims at suggesting buying of a particular thing; advertisement is a science of drawing attention. Some traits attract more attention than others. Much progress has been made in the art of advertisement by the discovery of internal and external determinants of attention. In order to understand the importance of attention as the psychological basis of advertisement, it shall be relevant to describe briefly the internal determinants attention.
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RESEARCH FOR ADVERTISING PLANNING
There was no need of advertising at all before the Industrial Revolution. Sellers used to met the buyers face. Thy knew the customers intimately. Hence, no research was needed. With the expansion of market the buyers and sellers became separate. Hence market informations became necessary. The elopement of business led to more gap and various intermediaries came in thereby sellers and buyers has no direct link. The information needed feed back which was done by market research. The process of informations gathering is market research which went through evolution was responsible to the needs of its own market places Marketing and advertising research are closely connected. Before advertising campaign development the market is analyzed to decider what kinds of tings are needed to be understood about the target market for the product. Research can b used in the development of creative strategy underlying the campaign an the measure of its effectiveness. Before we proceed let us clearly understand the difference between marketing research, marketing research advertising research which are often confused by the students.
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SALES EFFECTIVENESS MEASUREMENT
For those advertising managers who firmly believe that advertising must be evaluated by determining its impact on sales, some measures of sales response to advertising must be devised. Because of the many influences on sales in addition to that of advertisings the total sales of a product from the period in which the advertising was run are not a valid measure of advertising effectiveness. The only exception is in those rare cases where the management believes that advertising is the sole, at least the most important influence, on sales. However, where advertising objectives are stated in terms of sales, it is desirable to measures the effect of the advertising campaign so sales.
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SALES PROMOTION
It is true that the products are manufactured to satisfy the consumers. But this alone is not enough. Today, the responsibility of the manufacturer never creases as soon as the physical production is over. Whatever may be the nature of the product, the present-day markets are consumer-oriented, there it is the duty of he manufacturers to know what is required by customers. It sis also his duty to make the customers know from where, when, how, and at what prices the products would be available. The successful marketing lies on having the right product at the right price at the right place and time with promotion. But these rightnesses are not to be decided by the producer but by the customers. Furthermore, the customers do not judge these elements independently but they judge the combination of these elements. This makes it clear that there are certain activities that are to be undertaken by the producer in the sphere of selling also. In course of time, various activities came into vogue, destined particularly to help easy sale of goods. These activities commonly known as 'promotional activities' are, in management terminology named as promotional-mix'. It includes all those activities which are undertaken to promote the sale of products ultimately. It has thee important elements. viz., personal selling, advertising and sales promotion.
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THE STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF ADVERTISING
There are three parties involved in the process of advertising, such as: The advertiser
The advertising agency
The media owners
In market terms, advertisers constitute the buyers and media owners and sellers. There is also a third party who makes the buyers and seller meet, holding an intermediary position. In spite of the fact that the intermediaries are not essentially required, there are a large number of economies enjoyed both by the advertisers an the media owners because of the services rendered by advertising agents. From the viewpoint of media owners, these agents act as wholesaler, wholesalers, who assemble bulk orders. For that advertiser, agency constitutes a reservoir of skills which is beyond the capacity of a small firm to own such kills for itself. In addition, the agent is familiar with its media owner's language and method of operation, and in most cases they act as and interpreter between the parties.
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MBA in Organisational Behaviour
THE GREAT DEPRESSION:
The economy was operating in the high gear just before the thundering financial crash occurred in 1929.the production and the organization specialists had achieved great result s prior to the crash. After the crash the management began to realize the production could no longer be the only major responsibility of management. Marketing, finance and more importantly personnel were also required in order for a business to survive and grow. The depression‘s due to unemployment, discontent and insecurity brought and cope with. Personnel department were either created or given more importance and most managers now began to develop a new awakened view of the human aspects of their jobs. Thus human relations took an added significance, as an indirect, and in some cases direct.
THE RISE OF TRADE UNIONISM:
THE RISE OF TRADE UNIONISM:
Another important factor contributing factor to the rise of human relations role of management was the organized labour movement. Although labour unions were in existence in America as early as 1792, it was not until the passage of Wagner act in 1935 that the organized labor movement made an impact on management. In India, though workers unions existed since the later half of the 19th centaury, they operated under terrible legal constraints. It was only in 1926 with passage of trade union act 1926 that the manager began realizing that the trade union had come to stay in spite of the wishes of the managers or for that matter management. The only go to avoid any portable friction with the trade union was to understand the human relations role of the management
HOWTHORNE EXPERIEMENTS:
HOWTHORNE EXPERIEMENTS:
Western electric co. conducted Hawthorn works a research program in the work situations which affects the morale and productive efficiency of workers. During research the company was aided by suggestion of Prof. Elton mayo and his associates from Harvard University. Because large part that Harvard played in the project it is often referred to as the Hawthrone-Harward experiments or studies The Hawthorne studies represents the pioneer attempts to make a systematic and intensive study of the human factor and to demonstrate the utmost complexity in work setting where people interact in small groups under varied organizational conditions. Like any experiments design the researchers manipulated the independence variable (illumination) to observe its effects on the dependent variable and attempted to hold other factors under control. The following are the broad segments of the study
(a)Illumination experiments (1924-1927)To study the effects of changed illuminations on work, some groups of employee were formed in one group the illumination remained unchanged throughout the experiments whereas in other group (experimental group) the illumination was enhanced in intensity. Meanwhile the productivity in experimental group showed an improvement. But strangely the output of the control also went up. The researchers then preceded to decreases the illumination for the experimental group. The output went up. Everybody recognized there wads something much more important other than wages, hours, working condition, which influences the productivity.
(d) Relay room experiments.The relay room experiments were initiated in 1927 represents the actual beginning of the Hawthorne studies. Taking a clue from illumination experiments the research continued taking 2 girls for the experiments. These girls were asked to choose other 4 girls and, made a small group of 6.the group was employed in assembling telephone relays. The experiments started by introducing numerous changes each of which continued for a test period ranging from four to twelve weeks. Under normal working conditions with a forty eight hour week and no rest pauses, each girl produced 2400 relays week. These girls were then placed on piece of work basis for 8 weeks and productivity increased. Next, two five minutes rest pauses introduced and afterwards increased to n10 minutes. Productivity increased sharply. Company provided hot meal free of charge, the productivity increased. After all these amenities withdraw and girls returned to their normal working condition with 48hours/week, and no free meals. But still the productivity was highest. The productivity increased because of girls attitudes towards their works. The group developed a sense of responsibility and self discipline © Second relay room and mica splitting test room experimentsIn the mica splitting study, although the isolated test room conditions of the original relay study were reproduced, the workers were engaged under their normal individual piece rate plan rather than small group incentive schemes employed with the lay room experimental subjects. As result the productivity increased 15% during the period of 14 months.
(d) Mass interviewing programAnother major aspect of the Hawthorne studies consisted of 21000 interviews carried out during1928 to 1930.the original objective was to explore information, wich could be used to improve supervisory training. Initially these interviews were conducted by means of direct questioning. But this method had disadvantage of simply yes or no response. Thus the method has changed to non directive interviewing where the interviewer was to listen instead of talk, argue or advice, and take on the role of confidant.
(e) Bank wiring room study:The chief objective was to conduct an observational analysis of the work group.In this experiment 14 men were chosen for bank wiring. This was the process where two lose wire ends were soldered. In that 9 were wiremen, 3 solder man, 2 inspectors. The job involved attaching wires to switches for certain parts of telephone equipment. The study involved no experimental changes once it had started it were carried out by 2 persons-an observer and an interviewer. The interviewer remained as an outsider and his task was to explore as much possible by interviewing the individual worker .he carried his work in strict confidence, privately and in different part of the company. He never entered wiring room. the result of the bank wiring room which are marked apposite to those obtained relay room, revealed that this small group of workers emerged as a team with informal leaders who had come up spontaneously. The group was indifferent towards the financial incentives of the factory .the output was neither more nor less. This implies that it would be irrational to break up these groups. Go to next chapter>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.
(a)Illumination experiments (1924-1927)To study the effects of changed illuminations on work, some groups of employee were formed in one group the illumination remained unchanged throughout the experiments whereas in other group (experimental group) the illumination was enhanced in intensity. Meanwhile the productivity in experimental group showed an improvement. But strangely the output of the control also went up. The researchers then preceded to decreases the illumination for the experimental group. The output went up. Everybody recognized there wads something much more important other than wages, hours, working condition, which influences the productivity.
(d) Relay room experiments.The relay room experiments were initiated in 1927 represents the actual beginning of the Hawthorne studies. Taking a clue from illumination experiments the research continued taking 2 girls for the experiments. These girls were asked to choose other 4 girls and, made a small group of 6.the group was employed in assembling telephone relays. The experiments started by introducing numerous changes each of which continued for a test period ranging from four to twelve weeks. Under normal working conditions with a forty eight hour week and no rest pauses, each girl produced 2400 relays week. These girls were then placed on piece of work basis for 8 weeks and productivity increased. Next, two five minutes rest pauses introduced and afterwards increased to n10 minutes. Productivity increased sharply. Company provided hot meal free of charge, the productivity increased. After all these amenities withdraw and girls returned to their normal working condition with 48hours/week, and no free meals. But still the productivity was highest. The productivity increased because of girls attitudes towards their works. The group developed a sense of responsibility and self discipline © Second relay room and mica splitting test room experimentsIn the mica splitting study, although the isolated test room conditions of the original relay study were reproduced, the workers were engaged under their normal individual piece rate plan rather than small group incentive schemes employed with the lay room experimental subjects. As result the productivity increased 15% during the period of 14 months.
(d) Mass interviewing programAnother major aspect of the Hawthorne studies consisted of 21000 interviews carried out during1928 to 1930.the original objective was to explore information, wich could be used to improve supervisory training. Initially these interviews were conducted by means of direct questioning. But this method had disadvantage of simply yes or no response. Thus the method has changed to non directive interviewing where the interviewer was to listen instead of talk, argue or advice, and take on the role of confidant.
(e) Bank wiring room study:The chief objective was to conduct an observational analysis of the work group.In this experiment 14 men were chosen for bank wiring. This was the process where two lose wire ends were soldered. In that 9 were wiremen, 3 solder man, 2 inspectors. The job involved attaching wires to switches for certain parts of telephone equipment. The study involved no experimental changes once it had started it were carried out by 2 persons-an observer and an interviewer. The interviewer remained as an outsider and his task was to explore as much possible by interviewing the individual worker .he carried his work in strict confidence, privately and in different part of the company. He never entered wiring room. the result of the bank wiring room which are marked apposite to those obtained relay room, revealed that this small group of workers emerged as a team with informal leaders who had come up spontaneously. The group was indifferent towards the financial incentives of the factory .the output was neither more nor less. This implies that it would be irrational to break up these groups. Go to next chapter>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.
Personnel Administration in MBA
study material on Personnel Management Go To Chapter 2
What are the main objects of personnel administration and also describe the duties of the personnel staff?There are 3 main objects of personnel administration with dual obligation towards management and towards employees.01. Conserving the company’s human assets: Modern personnel administration should keep management informed in a continuous basis of all personnel tangial and in-tangial that indicates either positive accomplishments of warning signal in companies personnel practice. The tangial indicators are absenteeism, manpower turnover and company’s productivity. The in-tangial indicator is employee’s attitude. The tangial indicators with skilled analysis predict the future. It is also the responsibility of the personnel administration to guide company’s policies. If the human assets of a firm are misused in the process of making profit, such profit will not continue indefinitely. In fact, adverse long term effects will be felt in the work force. So, to avoid this problem maintain balance between concern for people and profitability by periodically assessing the achievements and defects in the company’s personnel system. 02. Making certain that the line supervisors recognize and carries out his personal responsibility: The efficient utilization of company’s human assets must be the objectives of the entire line supervision throughout the company. The basic personnel responsibility lies with the supervisors. The personal administer’s objectives in this connection, is to ensure that the line supervisor is aware of personal responsibility and carries them out. He must demonstrate to supervisors that the solution to technical problem will not be effective unless they are arrived at with due consideration for the human problems involved. However, he must also make sure that the supervisors do not fall into the error of making employee happy in the expense of company’s objectives. Therefore, the personnel administrator must aim at maintaining the balance between the employee satisfaction and employee efficiency. 03. offering specialized personnel services: the personnel administration counsel assists the line supervisions in its personnel responsibilities but he does not administer any company policies directly outside his own department .although the personnel department may maintain attendance records and countersign termination actions this does not mean that it is controlling absenteeism by terminating offending employees. the personnel department may be requested by the supervisor to investigate the causes the behind a divisions absenteeism or perform research into proposed personnel procedures or handle negotiation with government agency.
Enumerate the functions of personnel manager in an industry.The functions of personnel manager are 1. The preparation and recommendation of written policies relating man-power management which embodies sound principles of employee relations designed to achieve the overall objectives of the organization. 2. the development and maintenance of training programs and employee development which are designed to provide facilities for each individual to achieve the maximum level of self development, 3. The constant evaluation and follow up of personnel policies and practices to assure that such practices conform to the basic intent of the policy. 4. The development of communication technique that will assure the effective flow of information between management and the work force are within the management. 5. The provision of counsel to management which will further establish and maintain sound relationship within the organization as well as public and other groups whose activities effect the organization
Career planning of employees occupies an important place for the management. Describe the need, purpose and objectives of career planning and also its various advantages.Career planning means helping the employee to plan their career in terms of their capacity within the contest of organizational needs. The need of career planning – 1. It is always wise to have planned programmes for internal HRD than outside recruitment, when need seems to arise suddenly due to retirement or any other reasons. 2. To attract competent persons in the organization for maintaining, improving, motivation and morale of employee 3. For reducing employees turnover for lack of promotional avenues
Purpose and objectives of career planning –1. Attraction and retention of right persons in the organization 2. Mapping of careers of employees in the organization suitable to their abilities and skill and their willingness to be trained and development for higher positions 3. Better use of human resources, more satisfied and productive employees and more fulfilling careers 4. Reducing employees absenteeism and thus having more stable and satisfied work force 5. Improvement of morale and motivation of employees
Advantages of career planning –
What are the main objects of personnel administration and also describe the duties of the personnel staff?There are 3 main objects of personnel administration with dual obligation towards management and towards employees.01. Conserving the company’s human assets: Modern personnel administration should keep management informed in a continuous basis of all personnel tangial and in-tangial that indicates either positive accomplishments of warning signal in companies personnel practice. The tangial indicators are absenteeism, manpower turnover and company’s productivity. The in-tangial indicator is employee’s attitude. The tangial indicators with skilled analysis predict the future. It is also the responsibility of the personnel administration to guide company’s policies. If the human assets of a firm are misused in the process of making profit, such profit will not continue indefinitely. In fact, adverse long term effects will be felt in the work force. So, to avoid this problem maintain balance between concern for people and profitability by periodically assessing the achievements and defects in the company’s personnel system. 02. Making certain that the line supervisors recognize and carries out his personal responsibility: The efficient utilization of company’s human assets must be the objectives of the entire line supervision throughout the company. The basic personnel responsibility lies with the supervisors. The personal administer’s objectives in this connection, is to ensure that the line supervisor is aware of personal responsibility and carries them out. He must demonstrate to supervisors that the solution to technical problem will not be effective unless they are arrived at with due consideration for the human problems involved. However, he must also make sure that the supervisors do not fall into the error of making employee happy in the expense of company’s objectives. Therefore, the personnel administrator must aim at maintaining the balance between the employee satisfaction and employee efficiency. 03. offering specialized personnel services: the personnel administration counsel assists the line supervisions in its personnel responsibilities but he does not administer any company policies directly outside his own department .although the personnel department may maintain attendance records and countersign termination actions this does not mean that it is controlling absenteeism by terminating offending employees. the personnel department may be requested by the supervisor to investigate the causes the behind a divisions absenteeism or perform research into proposed personnel procedures or handle negotiation with government agency.
Enumerate the functions of personnel manager in an industry.The functions of personnel manager are 1. The preparation and recommendation of written policies relating man-power management which embodies sound principles of employee relations designed to achieve the overall objectives of the organization. 2. the development and maintenance of training programs and employee development which are designed to provide facilities for each individual to achieve the maximum level of self development, 3. The constant evaluation and follow up of personnel policies and practices to assure that such practices conform to the basic intent of the policy. 4. The development of communication technique that will assure the effective flow of information between management and the work force are within the management. 5. The provision of counsel to management which will further establish and maintain sound relationship within the organization as well as public and other groups whose activities effect the organization
Career planning of employees occupies an important place for the management. Describe the need, purpose and objectives of career planning and also its various advantages.Career planning means helping the employee to plan their career in terms of their capacity within the contest of organizational needs. The need of career planning – 1. It is always wise to have planned programmes for internal HRD than outside recruitment, when need seems to arise suddenly due to retirement or any other reasons. 2. To attract competent persons in the organization for maintaining, improving, motivation and morale of employee 3. For reducing employees turnover for lack of promotional avenues
Purpose and objectives of career planning –1. Attraction and retention of right persons in the organization 2. Mapping of careers of employees in the organization suitable to their abilities and skill and their willingness to be trained and development for higher positions 3. Better use of human resources, more satisfied and productive employees and more fulfilling careers 4. Reducing employees absenteeism and thus having more stable and satisfied work force 5. Improvement of morale and motivation of employees
Advantages of career planning –
1. A person comes to know in advance the level to which he can rise, if he has the ability and aptitude for it
2. The new entrant understands that he entered into a career with an organization that cares his talents and aspirations
3. Increases of the loyalty of the employees towards organization
4. Improves morale of employees
5. Stable work-force and low employee turnover
6. A more homogenous work force
7. Improved market image of company and effective achievement of company’s objectives
Explain the factors which mainly contribute to the importance of training for different types of managers and workers in an industry/organization.The factors which mainly contribute to the importance of training for different types of manages and workers in an industry are,
Explain the factors which mainly contribute to the importance of training for different types of managers and workers in an industry/organization.The factors which mainly contribute to the importance of training for different types of manages and workers in an industry are,
1. There is always shortage of skilled employees and it is always felt that the most direct attack on the problem of un-employment, can be made through expansion of vocational training and professional education
2. Skill shortages have arised due to rapid technology changes. Managers are faced with labor markets in which the skilled man-power fails to meet the needs for the new skills requirement. 3. Trained employee makes better and economical use of materials and equipment. Therefore, the wastage and shortage are lessened.
4. The inevitability of hiring unemployables consequent upon the social goal of equal employment opportunities necessitate the adequate process of training and development facilities
Production Management in MBA
ANALYSIS BASED ON QUANTITATIVE FACTORS
(a) Comparative/Least Cost Center Analysis: This simple type of analysis is appropriate where the location problem concerns the placement of a single plant. There can be two approaches, namely (i) Comparative cost chart (ii) Least cost centre analysis
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MEANING OF PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Production management, alternatively referred to as manufacturing management, is required for transforming raw materials and partly, fabricated materials into finished products. Production management does not imply management of productive process alone, but it covers all there activities which go into the making of production. To make production a concrete reality, one ,must pay heed to the factors of production like land, labour, capital and organization, or to speak in the language of business, materials, men, money, machines and methods. Production management thus calls for the work of planning and control pertaining to each of these factors of production. Production management does not involve a mechanical assemblage of relevant factors. In contrast to mere transformation of raw materials into finished products, it aims at transmuting and permuting resources of higher productivity so that the greatest outputs are obtained from the least inputs. With its end in views, production management embraces the productive process too and involves planning, directing and controlling operations till their successful completion. Quality, quantity, cost and time of production have an important bearing on productivity of the manufacturing enterprise. Accordingly, it is the task of production management to see that effective utilization of resources is made, time is shortened, wastes and scrapings are avoided, and harmonious working is made to prevail in the plant. For effective managerial performance, the work of production department is required to be organized on sound lines. All the principles and practices of organizing are to be applied in building a sound structure for improving the result of production management. Successful production management is not practicable without the existence of an appropriate organization structure. Consequently, managerial efforts are to be directed in designing an organization structure that conforms to the needs of the product, size of the enterprise and availability of production facilities. Organizing for production may be conceived in broader sense to include some aspects of works engineering or works organization like plant layout and factory building. The problems of production management differ form case to case and are mainly related to the system of production. There are several systems of production which determine the magnitude of production work and the problems to be tackled in manufacturing operations. Hence, a familiarity with the different systems of production is required for understanding the intricacies of production management. Of course, the system of production is dictated in a particular case by the volume of sales and the nature of product. The quantity to be produced is nothing but an answer to the question of 'what can be sold”. In the ultimate analysis, therefore, sales are the regulator of a system of production. The management of transformation process of inputs into output is the essence of production management. In present competitive world the production process in every enterprise needs some effective and scientific planning as well as proper control. Thus production management can be defined as “Management which by scientific planning and regulation sets into motion the part of an enterprise to which it has been entrusted the task of actual transformation of inputs into output”. In the words of Mr. E.L. Brech, “Production Management then becomes the process of effectively planning and regulating the operations of that part of an enterprise which is responsible for the actual transformation of materials into finished products”. This definition appears to be incomplete as it does not include the human factors involved in a production process. It lays stress only on the materialistic features. In broader sense, production management actually deals with decision making related to production processes, so that the resulting goods and services are produced in accordance with the quantitative specifications and demand schedule with minimum cost. To attain these objectives the two main activities of Production Management are the Design and Control of production systems. In production management effective planning and control are essential. In the absence of effective planning and regulation of any production activity the goals cannot be achieved, the customers may not be satisfied and ultimately certain activities may be closed which may lead to social evils.
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MEASUREMENT OF WORK
In an engineering sense efficiency can be simply stated as the ratio of useful energy obtained to energy applied. We can all understand that. Put succinctly, that is what is really meant by efficiency of production, but the difficulty is to see the relationship between input and output of production, or to measure performance. Which brings us right to the heart of the problem of efficiency of production: how to measure performances. There is usually some difficulty about measuring the comparative performance of several departments in a Company or different companies. If two factories are turning out the same product which is measured in tons or feet, then overall cost per ton or per foot is a measure of performance which can be obtained readily and used for comparison. But how does one compare the costs or efficiency of two factories or department s making dissimilar products ? Cost per ton or unit is no good. As between two different firms, only the percentage net profit is any measure, and that is affected by the type of market and selling cost which are not production costs. And between different departments in the same firm there would seem to be, at first sight, no measure of efficiency on a common and therefore comparable basis. If, however, the amount of “effort” (or cost-material, labour and overhead services) which should have been sued to make a given quantity of a product is known and also the amount actually used, then surely the correct amount as a proportion of the actual amount is a measure of performance of efficiency. It is in reality an efficiency formula again, output over input. The real value of output, in effort, hours or s.d., is the amount of cost which goes out of the factory or department in a useful form, i.e., it does not include all wastage and excess costs, avoidable, and of no benefit to customer or company. And input is the total of all effort and costs absorbed. Including excess costs.
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ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING DEPARTMENT
The work of a Production Planning Department generally falls into three sections, dealing with three stages of the sequence of operations. They are: i) Compiling and recording facts.ii) Developing plans. iii) Putting plans into operation and controlling results.In the first stage and section, information is gathered together, recorded and filed in a way which is suitable for use by planners, and so that reference to it is easy and rapid. The information is of three kinds, relating to: a) Customers' orders and requirements; b) Stocks of materials and components; c) Plant available, capacities, operations and times. Unless the organization is of such a size that each kind of information is dealt with in a separate section, it is advisable for all of it to be handled by one section under the supervision of a person skill din the work. Its organization is mainly a problem of filing and entering-up figures or records form vouchers, i.e., transferring information and striking balances. It can usually be staffed with Juniors, female, or relatively unskilled labour, but must be carefully supervised and checked by very reliable people. The absolute accuracy and therefore double checking required in banks is not essential, but inaccuracies can be troublesome and costly. The second stage and section comprises the vital part of planning. It is her that the effectiveness or indifference of results is ensured. And where the ability to scheme, think ahead and take all factors into account is so essential. It is a job mainly done on paper,juggling as it were with figures and charts. Sales budgets must be broken down into or integrated with long-term production plans, factory and departmental plans formulated, and weekly or daily or even hour-by-hour loads prepared. In small factories a few simple charts or schedules suffice, but in very large organizations a vast amount of detailed information, in the form of masses of figures, flows into the section, and must be rapidly and regularly collated and reissue for action. Extreme tidiness is essential, and if those concerned are not to be bogged down by a continuous stream of insistent inquiries demanding attention, much of the work must so be organised as to be dealt with in a routine manner by juniors. The third stage consists of translating the plans into instructions and can be mainly of a clerical nature. In practice, however, it is at this stage that a certain amount of decentralization is advisable, and the hour-by-hour machine or operation loading and the actual issue of jobs to operators is done either in or adjacent to the forman's office, or in a shop office. Progress work, that is, checking performance against plans and reporting results (with recommendations for corrective action and requests for urgent actions) to foremen or other supervisors, which is really an aspect of control, is frequently carried out form the same of and even by the same persons. The complexity of an organization structure for production planning depe4nds on the type of industry or manufacture rather than its scale. In mass-production and continuous-process manufacture, production planning consist of balancing the flow of materials (or components) from outside or component manufacturing departments, with consumption by the factory or assembly departments. Particularly is this so in the automobile or similar industries, where a good deal of preliminary work on materials in subcontracted, no large stocks of materials are kept (or could be for the immense consumption rate) and a small interruption to production affects a large part of the factory and is very expensive. In those factories engaged on batch production of partly standardized products there is the added complexity of setting-up (time and cost), varying batch sizes, and the synchronization of finishing dates for parts and sub assemblies when batches vary so much. It is predominantly a question of continual adjustment in order to maintain balanced loads on departments and to correct for unforeseen delays. When the product is designed to customers' requirements, the total process time is increased by the time required for design or preparation for each order, and consequently the period over which planning must extend is greater, making the problem more complex. Production planning is most complex when the product is mainly to customers' requirements, but is designed to incorporate many standard parts kept in stock. When the number of orders exceeds something like 50 per week, the amount of information to be handled becomes large and the department correspondingly so.
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PLANNING METHODS
The purpose of production order is to provide information about various operations involved in a production process. Once a production order is formulated, there arises the necessity to determine that when and where each operation is to be done. The reasons in that the operations described in a production order may be executed in several ways to get the final product and one may like to use a production strategy which makes most effective use of an, machine and material in the system. The best strategy is planned through the methods of Routing and Scheduling. Thus scheduling and routing is the final stage in production planning and have the following objectives: (i) to prescribe where and by whom each operation necessary to manufacture a product is to be executed. This is known as routing. (ii) the establishment of times at which to begin and/or complete each even or operation. This is termed as scheduling. In this lesson various techniques or Routing and Scheduling have been discussed.
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PLANT LAYOUT
Layout problems are fundamental to every type of organization/enterprise and are experienced in all kinds of undertakings. Housewife must arrange her kitchen, retailer must arrange his counters and display the items in such a manner which facilitates movement and attract the attention of customers, office management positions the desks, tables and other equipment in such a way that it facilitates the flow of work. The manufacturing organizations must arrange their facilities, not only the department within the factory but also the plant, stores and services so as to achieve smooth flow of products.The adequacy of layout affects the efficiency of subsequent operations. It is an important perquisite for efficient operations and also has a great deal in common with many of the problems. The simplest of situations with comparatively fewer items to arrange have many alternatives available. Import the layout decisions were based merely on intuition, experience, judgment and some sort of improvisation but with increase in the complexities of organizations the layout problems are solved scientifically. Once a decision about location of the plant has been taken, next important problem before the management is to plan suitable layout for the plant. Efficiency and performance of good machines and sturdy building depend to a great extent on the layout of a plant. Plat layout is the method of allocating machines and equipment, various production processes and other necessary services involved in transformation process of a product with the available space of the factory so as to perform various operations in the most efficient and convenient manner providing output of high quality and minimum cost. In the words of James Lundy, “layout identically involves the location of space and the arrangement of equipment in such a manner that overall operating costs are minimized.” Alternately, plant layout is an effort to arrange machines and equipment, and other services within a predesigned building ensuring steady, smooth and economical flow of material. Planning the layout of a plant is a continuous process as there are always chances of making improvements over the existing arrangement specially with shifts in the policies of management of techniques of production. The disposition of the various parts of a plant alongwith all the equipment used is known as plant layout. It should be so designed that the plant functions most effectively. Layout problems are common to all kinds of organization. A retailer must arrange his counter, display of items etc., office management must position desks, tables etc. in such a way that it facilitates the flow of work. A manufacturing organization must position its machinery and other equipment so as to achieve smooth flow of products through their factories. A good layout results in comforts convenience, safety, efficiency, Compactness and profits. A poor layout results in congestion, waste, frustration and inefficiency. Thus after plant location the proper design of plant layout is most significant for smooth functioning and success of the organization.
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PLANT LAYOUT TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
1. Process charts (i) Operations Process Charts (ii) Flow process Chart 11. Process Flow Diagrams 111. Machine data cards IV. Visualization of Layout (i) Two-dimensional plan or Templates (ii) Three-dimensional Plan or machine models
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PLANT LOCATION
Introduction
The performance of an enterprise is considerably affected by its location. The location of an industry is as important as the choice is for the location of a business or a shop in a city or locality. Unscientific and unplanned industrialization is harmful not only to the industrial unit but also to the social and economic structure of the country as a whole. Nearly sixty years before, much importance was not given to the selection of appropriate location and the decisions in this regard were mainly governed by the individual preferences of the entrepreneurs and social customs. This resulted in failure of any organization which otherwise could have been successful. Government also with the objective of establishing socialistic pattern of society became instrument all in the selection of site for various industries in undeveloped areas by providing various investment benefits and other incentives. All this encouraged a large number of industrialists to follow a more scientific an logical approach towards the selection of site for establishing their industries. The degree of significance for the selection of location for any enterprise mainly depends on its size and nature. Sometimes, the nature of the product itself suggest some suitable location. A small scale industry mainly selects the site where in accordance with its capacity the local market for the product is available. It can easily shift to other place when there is any change in the market. But for large scales industries requiring huge amount of investment there are many considerations other than the local demand int the selection of proper plant location. These plants cannot be easily shifted to other place and an error of judgment in the selection of site can be very expensive to the organization.
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PRODUCTION METHODS
One activity of the administrative side of production is concerned with finding and stating the one best way to do all jobs. No longer is this left to the skilled and interested operator, proceeding by trial and error, successive operators making the same, or sometimes a different result. As more machines, tools and equipment, some of them highly specialized, have been designed and become available, and new materials and process materials and process developed, it has become increasingly a skilled technical job to keep abreast of developments and always to know the up-to-date or best way to do a job. It would be quite impossible today for the craftsman at the bench or machine to keep himself so informed and do a job of producing. Skilled men are still required, but increasingly today they become setters, minders, or maintenance men. The old type of foreman is apt to think that the appointment of a production engineer, process engineer, or chemist, reduces his usefulness, his value to the Company, or his status. It does nothing of the kind, of course. It is true that, before the development of production engineering, and the use of chemists in the works as well as in the analytical laboratory, the Work Manger and his foreman supplied the production “know-how”, and decided how a job should be done. But it is now recognized that the training and supervising of person is a much more complex job than it once was, and to relive a foreman of a large amount of administrative work makes a higher general performance possible and his job more valuable, not less. It is essential to separate planning form doing, administration from execution. When a new material is developed or a new product designed, the method of production is obviously either known or worked out. But form then onwards all is change. Better method of production are being discovered continually. Furthermore, in many factories, particularly those engaged in engineering, the detailed method of production for each part to be manufactured, the machines to be used and equipment required, is decided subsequent to design. The task of deciding the best method of production, of saying how a job shall be produced, and of finding new and better ways of doing so, should be the responsibility of a Method of Production Engineering Department. Similarly, in a company where the technical knowledge is supplied by chemists, production method would be the responsibility of the works laboratory. In deciding the one best way of doing a job, the production engineer or chemist must have regard for the costs of production, and therefore for the time to do the job. He must have regard for the costs of production, and therefore for the time to do the job. He must have some say also in new tools or equipment required. These are the three divisions into which the activities of the production or methods engineer usually fall that is to say, work study or methods, work measurement or time study and tool design. These three aspects all call for close collaboration with the designer and works departments. The design of jigs and tools might be thought to be a logical development of the Design or Drawing Office work and in some works it is done in the Drawing Office. But it cannot be effectively developed without detailed study of methods and work being done in the factory, and, as will be shown later, this study forms the basis of standards for time, and hence for payment by results, production planning and costs. This study work calls for a specialized technique and training quite different form Drawing Office work. The outlook required is different too. It is more successful in practice if it is recognized as a separate activity, and combined with the design of tools and equipment. To avid it becoming too remote from or independent of the Drawing Office, Design Department, or Technical Department, new drawings, designs, or technical developments should always be referred to, and discussed with, the production engineers before final issue. The development of production engineering as a special skill and the extensive use of specially designed tools and equipment have contributed largely to the very much greater output per man-hour. There is no doubt that it is through such development, adding horse-power to man-power, and taking out the manual efforts from jobs, that the way lies to reduce man-hour requirements. Because production engineers tend to get machine or gadget minded, they are apt to forget or neglect the human factor. Machines cannot yet operate without human agency, and men should not be made into robots. The foremen may have something to say if the division of labour, for example, is carried too far, or if new methods are forced on them without consultant. Continued and close co-operation between the production engineers and works departments is absolutely essential.The function of the production Engineering or Methods Department is to determine, in collaboration with the Design and Works Departments, the most effective, economical and suitable method of production, today down standards for material and time, and to design special tools and equipment required.
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PRODUCTION PLANNING
Planning may be defined as “Any information which either specifies or guides the taking of future actions by tis members geared towards overcoming existing or anticipated problems”. Billy E. Goetz has rightly remarked planning as “fundamentally choosing”, and “ a planning problem arises when an alternative course of action is discovered”. So, in simplest way, we may define production planning as planning of production. But production planning requires a careful and elaborate study of co-ordinating and related activities which are necessarily performed by different departments. Messrs. Bethol, Smith and others in their book 'Industrial Organization and Management' have defined the production planning as “It is a series of related and co-ordinated activities performed by not one but a number of different departmental groups, each activity being designed to systematize in advance the manufacturing efforts in its area”. Conclusively, production planning may be defined in the words that “It is the predetermination of manufacturing requirements such as available materials, money men, order, priority, production process etc. within the scope of Industrial unit for efficient production of goods to cope with its sale requirements. Production planning mainly depends on the type of manufacturing plants which can be divided into two categories: (a) Continuous type of manufacturing plants such as rayon, yarn, shoes, paper plants etc. and (b) Intermitted type of manufacturing plants such as Engineering type of plants and also repetitive type of industries-automobiles, typewriters etc. Planning in the continuous type of plant is somewhat easy as we have only to decide what and when and not to decide how and where. In intermittent type of plant. Planning becomes difficult by the entry of a number of complex factors into picture. The same machine is engaged for production of different parts at different times, the machine is kept busy to meet the requirements for various parts to the customer's best satisfaction. In the repetitive type of plant such as automobiles the process appears to be continuous but we have depend on so many parts meeting the schedule before we can move on to the next; thus planning becomes complex. For example, in an automobile plant, a sub-assembly process can not be said to be complete unless all the various parts whether manufactured on the plant or sub-contracted form outside are available as complete.
More Notes on PRODUCTION PLANNING
Sales Management in mba
CASE STUDIES IN SALES MANAGEMENT
FOR MARKETING its products to relevant segments of consumers, an organization has to communicate with these consumers. The channel of communication may be impersonal (e.g., advertisements) or personal (e.g. Salesmen). To handle personal communications with consumers, most organization employ a sales force. The primary responsibility of the sales force is to promote the organization's products, but it may also be used to distribute the product, service the product and gather market intelligence. Sales management is concerned with the planning, direction and control of sales force's activities.
Sales management is an important activity in the Indian marketing system where commercial firms as well as non-commercial organizations employ substantial field forces to promote and distribute products (or services); to service and assist prospects, clients, and middlemen; to report on consumer preferences and competitive activity, etc. With the increasing economic and social pressure to enter rural markets, The importance of sales management is increasing; it is not possible for manufacturers to rely entirely on the trade for developing the rural markets. The increasing diversity of our industrial structure is also creating a need for more sophisticated methods of sales management. Special selling skills are required in high technology industries, chemical intermediate industries, decentralized sector and small-scale units, social programmes, etc.
More Notes on CASE STUDIES IN SALES MANAGEMENT
DUTIES OF THE SALES MANAGER
The sales manager holds a unique position in the sales organisation. He plans, organises, directs, staffs and coordinates the whole of the sales organisation.There are several connotations of the sales manager like sales executive, sales director, marketing manager, marketing executive, etc. He is the person who steers the wheels of sales organisation. His status and power depends on the size of the organisation in his charge. In small firms the general manager or managing director performs the duties of the sales manager. But in big manufacturing firms there usually a sales manger. Here the sales manager. Here the sales manager is appointed by the top management and he is responsible to them. In giant sized companies for some territories and/or products sales managers are appointed. Whatever the position of the sales manager, he is the guiding and driving force of the sales organisation.
More Notes on DUTIES OF THE SALES MANAGER
FUNDAMENTALS OF SUCCESSFUL SELLING
In every game or competitive sport there are certain principles which have to be learnt and practiced. For example, a professional boxer has to spend a number of hours each day on exercises, like skipping, running, punchbag-practice, etc. to maintain his health and improve his skill. Even after a professional boxer attains the championship standard, he still has to go through his training programme regularly as before and is assisted by his coach during and after every practice about so that errors not be repeated. There is an analogy between competitive sports and salesmanship. As in competitive sports so in salesmanship there are certain principles which have to be mastered. Some fundamentals in selling
must be learnt and mastered for best results. The new and inexperienced salesman, like the boxer, must first study and learn what the fundamentals are and try to put them in practice. An intelligent salesman combines the study and actual practice of these fundamentals by intelligent analysis and improvement of defects. In course of time, the use of the important fundamentals becomes a habit for the salesman.
More Notes on FUNDAMENTALS OF SUCCESSFUL SELLING
INTRODUCTION
Organisation, quite simply defined, is the process of assigning responsibilities and activities to the various members of the work group in accordance with the plans designed to achieve the objectives established. Its aim is to produce the mos efficient and effective effort on the part of both the individual group members and the group as a whole toward the common goals. In the planning process, objectives have been established, resources have been allocated, and an action program for achieving these objectives with the resources available has been developed. The organisation process begins when we start to translate action programmes into specific responsibilities assigned to individuals.Since, in the planning process, objectives have been established, the action to be taken broadly defined, and price tags and timetables attached to those actions, organization in its simplest from consists in assigning the objectives, actions, price tags, and timetables to the appropriate individuals and securing their understanding and acceptance.
More Notes on INTRODUCTION
METHODS OF ACQUIRING PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE
The average salesman in a retail organisation is required to handle a very large number of articles and it is very difficult for him to know the exact details of the materials used in the manufacture as well s regarding the method of manufacture of each article. Therefore, manufacturers today assist the retail salesmen in many ways with a view to acquiring the desired knowledge about their manufacture. Some manufacturers have now introduced the novel idea of printing a brief selling description on the package with a few selling points so that even the least experienced salesman can say something definite to his customer by glancing at the package. Other manufacturer print on the back of counter display cards a few useful selling points so that the salesman may glance at these points and thus use them as selling points in his sales talk. Salesmen can a also be induced to acquire greater knowledge about their goods by means of contests, e.g. By pitting one division of a department against another. A salesman should take advantage of all the facilities he may be permitted in this regard.
More Notes on METHODS OF ACQUIRING PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE
QUASAR CORPORATION (A)
Evolving a System for Salesmen's Remuneration
IN FEBRUARY 1971 the Divisional Manager of the Consumer Durables (C.D.) Division of Quasar Corporation was pondering over many issues that had gained considerable importance of late. Some of these issues related to certain types of conflicts that were coming to the fore amongst the divisional salesmen, the expanding network of dealers and anew category of supervisory staff (called Sales Organisers) ; also involved was the aspect of salesmen's remuneration.
More Notes on QUASAR CORPORATION (A)
SALES FORECASTING
In the field of production and manufacture and manufacturing organisations the most burning problem of today is not the problem of the production but that of sale. It attaches much importance for an enterprise to forecast the sales so that the production is neither more nor less to that of demand made by customers. Sales forecasting has assumed dynamic importance mainly in the industries where the problem of large scale production, and mass distribution have to be encountered. To know what a business will do, we must know its future sales, which means that we must have forecast, without them, both short and long range planning rests on foundation much less substantial than sand.
More Notes on SALES FORECASTING
SELECTION OF SALESMEN
Selection involves three basic aspects, namely, consideration of-
(1) the number of salesman required (2) the qualities required in the salesman (3) the selection procedure to be adopted
More Notes on SELECTION OF SALESMEN
TRAINING OF SALESMEN
The old belief, that still persists in certain quarters, is that the ability to get along with people and physical personality are all important, and that the selling ability is something intangible which a person may or may not have. Fortunately, progresive sales executives realise that, provided basic characteristics are present, salesmen are not born but made. This has resulted in the application of scientific management techniques in developing salesmen, the emphasis being placed on (1) adequate selection procedures, (2) appropriate training and (3) sufficient supervision. Selection is important even from the training aspect as it would be a waste of good money to train bad material. The training aspect is thus connected with recruiting and selecting salesmen.
More Notes on TRAINING OF SALESMEN
FOR MARKETING its products to relevant segments of consumers, an organization has to communicate with these consumers. The channel of communication may be impersonal (e.g., advertisements) or personal (e.g. Salesmen). To handle personal communications with consumers, most organization employ a sales force. The primary responsibility of the sales force is to promote the organization's products, but it may also be used to distribute the product, service the product and gather market intelligence. Sales management is concerned with the planning, direction and control of sales force's activities.
Sales management is an important activity in the Indian marketing system where commercial firms as well as non-commercial organizations employ substantial field forces to promote and distribute products (or services); to service and assist prospects, clients, and middlemen; to report on consumer preferences and competitive activity, etc. With the increasing economic and social pressure to enter rural markets, The importance of sales management is increasing; it is not possible for manufacturers to rely entirely on the trade for developing the rural markets. The increasing diversity of our industrial structure is also creating a need for more sophisticated methods of sales management. Special selling skills are required in high technology industries, chemical intermediate industries, decentralized sector and small-scale units, social programmes, etc.
More Notes on CASE STUDIES IN SALES MANAGEMENT
DUTIES OF THE SALES MANAGER
The sales manager holds a unique position in the sales organisation. He plans, organises, directs, staffs and coordinates the whole of the sales organisation.There are several connotations of the sales manager like sales executive, sales director, marketing manager, marketing executive, etc. He is the person who steers the wheels of sales organisation. His status and power depends on the size of the organisation in his charge. In small firms the general manager or managing director performs the duties of the sales manager. But in big manufacturing firms there usually a sales manger. Here the sales manager. Here the sales manager is appointed by the top management and he is responsible to them. In giant sized companies for some territories and/or products sales managers are appointed. Whatever the position of the sales manager, he is the guiding and driving force of the sales organisation.
More Notes on DUTIES OF THE SALES MANAGER
FUNDAMENTALS OF SUCCESSFUL SELLING
In every game or competitive sport there are certain principles which have to be learnt and practiced. For example, a professional boxer has to spend a number of hours each day on exercises, like skipping, running, punchbag-practice, etc. to maintain his health and improve his skill. Even after a professional boxer attains the championship standard, he still has to go through his training programme regularly as before and is assisted by his coach during and after every practice about so that errors not be repeated. There is an analogy between competitive sports and salesmanship. As in competitive sports so in salesmanship there are certain principles which have to be mastered. Some fundamentals in selling
must be learnt and mastered for best results. The new and inexperienced salesman, like the boxer, must first study and learn what the fundamentals are and try to put them in practice. An intelligent salesman combines the study and actual practice of these fundamentals by intelligent analysis and improvement of defects. In course of time, the use of the important fundamentals becomes a habit for the salesman.
More Notes on FUNDAMENTALS OF SUCCESSFUL SELLING
INTRODUCTION
Organisation, quite simply defined, is the process of assigning responsibilities and activities to the various members of the work group in accordance with the plans designed to achieve the objectives established. Its aim is to produce the mos efficient and effective effort on the part of both the individual group members and the group as a whole toward the common goals. In the planning process, objectives have been established, resources have been allocated, and an action program for achieving these objectives with the resources available has been developed. The organisation process begins when we start to translate action programmes into specific responsibilities assigned to individuals.Since, in the planning process, objectives have been established, the action to be taken broadly defined, and price tags and timetables attached to those actions, organization in its simplest from consists in assigning the objectives, actions, price tags, and timetables to the appropriate individuals and securing their understanding and acceptance.
More Notes on INTRODUCTION
METHODS OF ACQUIRING PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE
The average salesman in a retail organisation is required to handle a very large number of articles and it is very difficult for him to know the exact details of the materials used in the manufacture as well s regarding the method of manufacture of each article. Therefore, manufacturers today assist the retail salesmen in many ways with a view to acquiring the desired knowledge about their manufacture. Some manufacturers have now introduced the novel idea of printing a brief selling description on the package with a few selling points so that even the least experienced salesman can say something definite to his customer by glancing at the package. Other manufacturer print on the back of counter display cards a few useful selling points so that the salesman may glance at these points and thus use them as selling points in his sales talk. Salesmen can a also be induced to acquire greater knowledge about their goods by means of contests, e.g. By pitting one division of a department against another. A salesman should take advantage of all the facilities he may be permitted in this regard.
More Notes on METHODS OF ACQUIRING PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE
QUASAR CORPORATION (A)
Evolving a System for Salesmen's Remuneration
IN FEBRUARY 1971 the Divisional Manager of the Consumer Durables (C.D.) Division of Quasar Corporation was pondering over many issues that had gained considerable importance of late. Some of these issues related to certain types of conflicts that were coming to the fore amongst the divisional salesmen, the expanding network of dealers and anew category of supervisory staff (called Sales Organisers) ; also involved was the aspect of salesmen's remuneration.
More Notes on QUASAR CORPORATION (A)
SALES FORECASTING
In the field of production and manufacture and manufacturing organisations the most burning problem of today is not the problem of the production but that of sale. It attaches much importance for an enterprise to forecast the sales so that the production is neither more nor less to that of demand made by customers. Sales forecasting has assumed dynamic importance mainly in the industries where the problem of large scale production, and mass distribution have to be encountered. To know what a business will do, we must know its future sales, which means that we must have forecast, without them, both short and long range planning rests on foundation much less substantial than sand.
More Notes on SALES FORECASTING
SELECTION OF SALESMEN
Selection involves three basic aspects, namely, consideration of-
(1) the number of salesman required (2) the qualities required in the salesman (3) the selection procedure to be adopted
More Notes on SELECTION OF SALESMEN
TRAINING OF SALESMEN
The old belief, that still persists in certain quarters, is that the ability to get along with people and physical personality are all important, and that the selling ability is something intangible which a person may or may not have. Fortunately, progresive sales executives realise that, provided basic characteristics are present, salesmen are not born but made. This has resulted in the application of scientific management techniques in developing salesmen, the emphasis being placed on (1) adequate selection procedures, (2) appropriate training and (3) sufficient supervision. Selection is important even from the training aspect as it would be a waste of good money to train bad material. The training aspect is thus connected with recruiting and selecting salesmen.
More Notes on TRAINING OF SALESMEN
Business Finance in mba
The total capital (long-term and short term ) of a company is employed in fixed and current assets of the firm. Fixed assets include those assets which are not meant for sale such as land, building, machinery etc. it is a challenging task before the management to take judicious regarding capital expenditures, i.e., investments in fixed assets to that the amount should not unnecessarily be locked up in capital goods which may have fa-reaching effects on the success or failure of an enterprise. A capital asset, once acquired, cannot be disposed of without any substantial loss and if it is acquired on long term credit basis, a continuing liability is incurred over a long period of time, and will affect the financial obligations of the company adversely. It, therefore, requires a long-range planning while taking decision regarding investments in fixed assets. Such process of taking decisions regarding capital expenditure is generally known as capital budgeting. In capital budgeting process, due consideration should b given to the following problems-
Fundamentals of Auditing in mba
This procedure manual has been written for the auditor. It is to be used as a training tool and as a reference guide. When forms are used as exhibits, they are shown with information correctly completed. References to AM Memos, fiche, rulings, and statutes are given when needed.
References to taxability of individual items, administrative policies, or tax law and rules are provided for guidance of field auditors and are subject to change due to administrative hearings and actions of courts or the legislature.
Users of this manual are responsible for any changes which occur after the printing of the manual. Before relying on this information, the taxpayer and other users should verify the current status of any information by contacting the Comptroller of Public Accounts. Call toll free: (800) 531-5441. The regular number in Austin is: (512) 463-4600
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Pre-Audit Research
Chapter 3: Audit Planning and Documentation
Chapter 4: Entrance Conference
Chapter 5: Audit Procedures
Chapter 6: Managed Audit Policy and Procedures
Chapter 7: Sampling
Chapter 8: Exit Conference and Administrative Remedies
Chapter 9: Audit Finalization
Chapter 10: Disclosure Policies
Appendix
Glossary
Fundamentals of Auditing in mba
This manual is intended to be used as a training tool for new auditors and a reference guide for experienced auditors. The primary focus will be on sales tax, which is the number one revenue-producing tax for the State of Texas. However, there are other taxes which are administered and audited by the Comptroller of Public Accounts.
Thursday, May 27, 2010
National College of Business and Technology in USA
Whether you want to enjoy a high flying and rewarding career in the private or public business environment, an MBA at the National College of Business and Technology could prove the ideal choice to help you along your way. This highly reputable, successful, and accredited learning institution offers a high quality education enabling you to gain a valuable degree that can help you to achieve your career goals. With an MBA from the National College of Business and Technology you will gain the skills, knowledge, and expertise you need to stay one step ahead of the competition.
This college focuses on enhancement and development of careers for students, and you can rest assured that the content of your MBA program will be highly relevant and up-to-date to ensure that you have the best chance of promotion or breaking into the area of business you are looking for. This college also has links and established contacts with employers, and therefore has the resources to help students to achieve not only the best qualifications to help them but also to get into their chosen business career.
The MBA program at the National College of Business and Technology helps to provide students with a solid and valuable foundation in order to improve their chances of career success. You can build upon your knowledge, skills, and confidence in your chosen area, and can earn a degree that will show potential employers that you have the necessary qualities and abilities to perform in the business environment with confidence and competence.
You can fill out an application to the National College of Business and Technology quickly and easily online, and by opting for an MBA program with this college you could soon be on your way to a successful and rewarding career.
Independence University - California College for Health Sciences in USA
The Independence University – California College for Health Sciences is a reputable and accredited learning establishment that offers a range of courses to help those looking to further their career through advancement of their education. This university offers a range of educational opportunities in areas such as health education, early childhood education, and business. You can enjoy earning qualifications such as certificates, diplomas, Associate’s Degrees, Bachelor’s Degrees, and Master’s Degrees when you study though this university.
When you study with the Independence University – California College for Health Sciences you can look forward to an enriching, satisfying, and rewarding educational experience that will enable you to develop and build upon your skills and knowledge in these areas, and work towards reaping the rewards in terms of a successful and high flying career. Armed with these qualifications you can prove to potential employers that you have the confidence and skills to perform well in your chosen area.
There are many people that want to enter into a career in this area as well as many people already working in this field and wishing to improve their chances of promotion. However, in the past it has not always been possible to get the required qualifications and skills required simply because these people were unable to commit themselves to a campus based education on a full time basis. The Independence University – California College for Health Sciences offers a practical and convenient solution.
With the Independence University – California College for Health Sciences, you can enjoy studying for your qualifications online, which means that you study in your own time and at your own pace, without having to worry about a full time commitment to your education or getting to and from a campus based college. Instead, you can continue with your current commitments, whilst still enjoying the benefits of an improved education by fitting your studies in with your current commitments and lifestyle.
When you study with the Independence University – California College for Health Sciences you can look forward to an enriching, satisfying, and rewarding educational experience that will enable you to develop and build upon your skills and knowledge in these areas, and work towards reaping the rewards in terms of a successful and high flying career. Armed with these qualifications you can prove to potential employers that you have the confidence and skills to perform well in your chosen area.
There are many people that want to enter into a career in this area as well as many people already working in this field and wishing to improve their chances of promotion. However, in the past it has not always been possible to get the required qualifications and skills required simply because these people were unable to commit themselves to a campus based education on a full time basis. The Independence University – California College for Health Sciences offers a practical and convenient solution.
With the Independence University – California College for Health Sciences, you can enjoy studying for your qualifications online, which means that you study in your own time and at your own pace, without having to worry about a full time commitment to your education or getting to and from a campus based college. Instead, you can continue with your current commitments, whilst still enjoying the benefits of an improved education by fitting your studies in with your current commitments and lifestyle.
American InterContinental University Online in USA
AIU Online is an accredited online university enjoying a high reputation and a rich educational history. With AIU Online you can select from a wide range of degree programs designed to enhance your skills and knowledge, and to improve your qualifications and career prospects. The online courses offered by AIU Online are ideal for those looking to better themselves and progress in their careers, but who are unable to commit to a full time or college based education.
AIU Online caters for people from all walks of life, and the aim of this online university is to equip students with the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to enjoy a long, successful, and rewarding career. The university offers a high quality online education through its comprehensive online programs, offering total flexibility and convenience, and giving many more people a chance to improve their lives through online education.
The online MBA programs offered by AIU Online have already benefited many people, who have gone on to enjoy successful, high flying careers upon completion of these courses. With the online MBA programs from AIU Online you will acquire valuable and necessary skills and knowledge that will prepare you for the business environment. With the education and skills that you will benefit from through these MBA programs, you will have both the confidence and the competence to break into or progress within the business area of your choice.
A number of online MBA programs are offered by AIU Online, and the one you opt for will be based upon your career aspirations and needs. You can study for a general MBA, or you can opt for a specialist MBA such as Marketing or Health Care Management. Whichever of the MBA courses you opt for with AIU Online, you can be confident of enjoying a valuable, diverse, and enjoyable educational experience that will make a real difference to your life and prospects.
AIU Online caters for people from all walks of life, and the aim of this online university is to equip students with the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to enjoy a long, successful, and rewarding career. The university offers a high quality online education through its comprehensive online programs, offering total flexibility and convenience, and giving many more people a chance to improve their lives through online education.
The online MBA programs offered by AIU Online have already benefited many people, who have gone on to enjoy successful, high flying careers upon completion of these courses. With the online MBA programs from AIU Online you will acquire valuable and necessary skills and knowledge that will prepare you for the business environment. With the education and skills that you will benefit from through these MBA programs, you will have both the confidence and the competence to break into or progress within the business area of your choice.
A number of online MBA programs are offered by AIU Online, and the one you opt for will be based upon your career aspirations and needs. You can study for a general MBA, or you can opt for a specialist MBA such as Marketing or Health Care Management. Whichever of the MBA courses you opt for with AIU Online, you can be confident of enjoying a valuable, diverse, and enjoyable educational experience that will make a real difference to your life and prospects.
electronic business administration and management in USA
With the popularity of computers and the explosion of the Internet over the last few decades, e-commerce and e-business have become an integral part of the corporate world. Many companies now rely heavily on the electronic side of business, and in order to ensure that this area of the business runs smoothly they are always in need of qualified and knowledgeable professionals with a strong skill set when it comes to computerized business. An eBusiness MBA could prove invaluable in today’s world of information technology, and this is a qualification that could lead to a very rewarding career for those interested in this area of business.
An eBusiness MBA will enable those interested in electronic business administration and management to look forward to a successful career in this area. Having an eBusiness MBA qualification will enable you to show your area of expertise through your qualifications, which will impress both future and current employers and will open the door of opportunity for the MBA holder. You will learn a range of valuable skills through the eBusiness MBA program, enabling you to not only break into this area of business administration but also to progress quickly within it.
An eBusiness MBA will enable those interested in electronic business administration and management to look forward to a successful career in this area. Having an eBusiness MBA qualification will enable you to show your area of expertise through your qualifications, which will impress both future and current employers and will open the door of opportunity for the MBA holder. You will learn a range of valuable skills through the eBusiness MBA program, enabling you to not only break into this area of business administration but also to progress quickly within it.
Looking For Criminal Justice MBA Programs in USA?
The criminal justice system has rapidly changed and evolved over recent years, and this is an area that continues to change and improve on a regular basis. The need for fully qualified business minded professionals in this field is higher than ever, and in order to assist in the smooth running of this ever-changing environment effective management and administration professionals are crucial. A Criminal Justice MBA offers a great foundation for those wanting to break into or progress in this area, opening up many opportunities for those wanting to enjoy a successful and high level career in this field.
The Criminal Justice MBA is an MBA programs that puts a focus on the Criminal Justice system. You will generally study standard MBA areas for the first year, ranging from strategy to marketing, and you will then swing your focus to the specialist area of the MBA, which in this case would be the Criminal Justice system. You will learn about the system, as well as gaining knowledge and skills in areas such as administration and management with the Criminal Justice system.
Looking For Computer Systems MBA Programs in USA?
A Computer systems MBA will prove invaluable to those wishing to break into or progress in a career in this area. The combination of general and specialist skills and knowledge that you will acquire as part of your Computer systems MBA course will provide you with the foundation you need to show competence and confidence in this area. This is an MBA program with a focus on computer systems, so if this is the area of business in which you wish to move then this could prove a very valuable qualification.
Looking For Executive MBA Programs in USA?
For those already in a career but wishing to pursue promotion or speed up progression through the ranks, today’s executive MBA programs could prove ideal. These programs are especially designed for executives, enabling them to add to their experience and work-related knowledge a valuable qualification that shows they have the skills and knowledge to progress and work with competence and confidence in this area. These executive MBA programs enable students to put existing executive experience to good use by channelling them into study to effectively further their careers and improve promotional prospects.
Executive MBA programs are available from a number of institutions, and are offered on a schedule that enables executives to continue with their careers without disruption and fit the studying in with their current jobs. You will learn all of the same skills and enjoy the same knowledge with executive MBA programs as you would with full time, part time, or online MBA programs; however, these courses also take into account that the executives on the programs will have some sort of prior experience and skill in the area.
You will develop new skills as well as enhance existing ones as part of these executive MBA programs, making them ideal for the ambitious executive that wants to maximize the chances of success and career progression within this area. Some of the skills you will learn and enhance include marketing, management, operations, and finance – all integral skills in this sort of environment, and all of which can provide you with valuable skills and knowledge to pursue the perfect career.
Leadership, problem solving, technology, decision making, and plan implementation are additional skills that executives can develop and enhance on these executive MBA programs, again all valuable skills in the area of business administration. You should ensure that you check the criteria and course structure of any executive MBA programs that you are considering, as this will help you to make a more informed choice about the program for which you apply.
Looking For Full Time Two-Year programme in USA
A full time two-year MBA is one of a number of options available to those wishing to pursue a career in the area of business administration. These courses, as the name suggests, are spread out over two academic years, and many offer a number of months within this time for an internship. This enables students to enjoy both theory and practical instruction, making the full time two-year MBA a valuable qualification that enables students to learn on a number of levels in preparation for an exciting business administration or related career.
With a full time two-year MBA the emphasis is on schooling rather than on practical experience, although you will gain practical experience as part of any internship offered throughout the course. These full time two-year MBA courses are designed to prepare students for the often cutting edge and pressurized environment of business administration, and students can expect to learn a range of skills and pick up valuable knowledge in this area to help them break into this area and enjoy a successful career with great promotion prospects.
Of course, because the full time two-year MBA program is full time, you do need to be dedicated and committed, so this may not be the most suitable option for those with work or family commitments as it could mean disrupting your routine quite dramatically and even moving away from home. There are alternatives for those with commitments that cannot manage the time required for a full time two-year MBA program, and that is to opt for an online program, which means that you can study more at your own pace, and without having to cause major disruption to your life.
For those that can manage the time required for the full time two-year MBA program, there are a number of institutions that offer these courses, although the course content and focus may change from one program to another. Before committing to a program, it is worth checking the structure and content to ensure that this is the best course for your needs.
With a full time two-year MBA the emphasis is on schooling rather than on practical experience, although you will gain practical experience as part of any internship offered throughout the course. These full time two-year MBA courses are designed to prepare students for the often cutting edge and pressurized environment of business administration, and students can expect to learn a range of skills and pick up valuable knowledge in this area to help them break into this area and enjoy a successful career with great promotion prospects.
Of course, because the full time two-year MBA program is full time, you do need to be dedicated and committed, so this may not be the most suitable option for those with work or family commitments as it could mean disrupting your routine quite dramatically and even moving away from home. There are alternatives for those with commitments that cannot manage the time required for a full time two-year MBA program, and that is to opt for an online program, which means that you can study more at your own pace, and without having to cause major disruption to your life.
For those that can manage the time required for the full time two-year MBA program, there are a number of institutions that offer these courses, although the course content and focus may change from one program to another. Before committing to a program, it is worth checking the structure and content to ensure that this is the best course for your needs.
Looking For MBA Programs in USA?
An MBA qualification is the ideal way to enjoy a high flying and successful career in the area of business administration. This is the type of qualification that will prove to prospective employers that you have the skill and know how to perform a specialist role with competence and confidence, and these programs are designed to equip you with the skills and knowledge necessary to increase your chances of a fruitful and financially lucrative career in this field. However, in order to best benefit from your qualification you need to select the right MBA program for your needs.
For many people choosing an MBA program is now far easier, because these qualifications can be studied for online, and you can get full details of the various MBA programs available simply by going online. Browsing these programs from the comfort of your own home enables you to evaluate the course structure and content at your own pace, so you won’t have to make any rash decisions with regards to which MBA program to go into.
When choosing an MBA program, you should first determine your own needs – keep in mind the area of business you wish to go into, whether you have past experience in the business administration sector, and what your overall needs are in terms of business qualifications. You may also be restricted in terms of budget, and choosing an MBA program may therefore also be based upon tuition and exam fees. A number of factors need to be considered in a balanced way when choosing an MBA program, as this will enable you to make a better informed choice.
The content and focus of MBA programs can vary from to another, and therefore you should always check the details of the course when choosing an MBA program. You can then determine which course will best suit your needs, and can apply for the most appropriate MBA program for your needs.
For many people choosing an MBA program is now far easier, because these qualifications can be studied for online, and you can get full details of the various MBA programs available simply by going online. Browsing these programs from the comfort of your own home enables you to evaluate the course structure and content at your own pace, so you won’t have to make any rash decisions with regards to which MBA program to go into.
When choosing an MBA program, you should first determine your own needs – keep in mind the area of business you wish to go into, whether you have past experience in the business administration sector, and what your overall needs are in terms of business qualifications. You may also be restricted in terms of budget, and choosing an MBA program may therefore also be based upon tuition and exam fees. A number of factors need to be considered in a balanced way when choosing an MBA program, as this will enable you to make a better informed choice.
The content and focus of MBA programs can vary from to another, and therefore you should always check the details of the course when choosing an MBA program. You can then determine which course will best suit your needs, and can apply for the most appropriate MBA program for your needs.
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