Hi, we've been having a debate about the question of work experience and MBAs in this forum recently.While its not always a stated requirement, its a good idea to have some experience. For example, when you apply for an MBA many business schools will expect you to prove your leadership skills, often found in the form of managerial work experience. Excellent communication skills are also key in a successful application, and once more it is often easier to demonstrate these in concrete examples when you can draw on different real life work experience situations and scenarios. However, it could be that you have gained lots of useful experience through extracurricular activities, or initiatives taken in other forms.You should also consider which specific programme is going to be of the most use for you, and how you might want to specialise, then compare courses and institutions.
Saturday, May 29, 2010
MBA in University of Central Punjab
The history of University of Central Punjab can be traced back to 1985, when the first institution under the auspices of the Islamic Commerce Educational Society was established in Lahore by the name of Punjab College of Commerce. The Punjab Law College was inaugurated three years later in 1988 at Lahore. The Punjab Group of Colleges motivated primarily by a great missionary urge and inspired by the tremendous response from the public at large, branched out into all major cities of Punjab. Pursuant to arrangements with foreign accredited universities, the Punjab College of Business Administration (PCBA) was established in 1991 and the Punjab Institute of Computer Science (PICS) in 1993, at Lahore. In less than five years both institutions emerged as highly specialized educational centres, training individuals as successful professional managers and computer scientists. By the year 1996, the Punjab Group of Colleges had established twelve campuses in various cities of the Punjab and with more than 18,000 students enrolled at that time had emerged as the largest higher educational network in the private sector in Pakistan.
Hailey College of Banking and Finance
The College presently offers following degree programs under semester system.B.B.A.(Hons) <=> Four Years Degree Program(Morning)
M.B.A. <=> Two Years Degree Program (Morning)
E.M.B.A. <=> Two Years Degree Program (Evening)
These degree programs are offered in two separate diciplines.
Banking and Finance
Insurance and Risk Management
MBA in IQRA University Karachi
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Business Administration
BBA, MBA, MPhil, PhD
MEDIA SCIENCES
BMS (ADVERTISING)
BMS (FILM & TV)
BMS (ANIMATION)
MS (ADVERTISING)
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electronic Engineering
Department of Telecommunication Engineering
FASHION DESIGN (CLIFTON CAMPUS)
Fashion Design
BFD (honors)
Textile Design
BTD (honors)
EDUCATION & LEARNING SCIENCES HUMANITIES & ISLAMIC LEARNING (GULSHAN CAMPUS)
Education
B Ed, M Ed, MPhil/Phd
SOCIAL SCIENCES (ISLAMABAD)
BDS, MS IR & MS DS
Business Administration
BBA, MBA, MPhil, PhD
MEDIA SCIENCES
BMS (ADVERTISING)
BMS (FILM & TV)
BMS (ANIMATION)
MS (ADVERTISING)
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electronic Engineering
Department of Telecommunication Engineering
FASHION DESIGN (CLIFTON CAMPUS)
Fashion Design
BFD (honors)
Textile Design
BTD (honors)
EDUCATION & LEARNING SCIENCES HUMANITIES & ISLAMIC LEARNING (GULSHAN CAMPUS)
Education
B Ed, M Ed, MPhil/Phd
SOCIAL SCIENCES (ISLAMABAD)
BDS, MS IR & MS DS
Corporate Social Responsibility Club
Students also lead a number of industry-aligned and social clubs - all of which organise formal and informal events: Asian Business Club - Aims to be a connector between the AGSM community and Asia as well as a platform for people from this region to participate in the tremendous opportunities Asia offers. Corporate Social Responsibility Club - CSR has two purposes – to increase awareness and knowledge of corporate social responsibility and to utilise the skills of the AGSM community for the benefit of the society. It raises money for charity by organising events. Consulting Club - This club provides students interested in a consulting career with information about the consulting industry in Australia. Fast Moving Consumer Goods Club - The FMCG club has two main objectives. Firstly to increase the exposure of the AGSM community to recent trends within consumer focused industries and secondly, to provide students with opportunities to explore the range of roles available in the FMCG industry. Finance Society - The Society strives to foster an environment that encourages further learning and assists in career development in the corporate finance and financial services industry.
MBA in Asian Business Club
Students also lead a number of industry-aligned and social clubs - all of which organise formal and informal events: Asian Business Club - Aims to be a connector between the AGSM community and Asia as well as a platform for people from this region to participate in the tremendous opportunities Asia offers. Corporate Social Responsibility Club - CSR has two purposes – to increase awareness and knowledge of corporate social responsibility and to utilise the skills of the AGSM community for the benefit of the society. It raises money for charity by organising events. Consulting Club - This club provides students interested in a consulting career with information about the consulting industry in Australia. Fast Moving Consumer Goods Club - The FMCG club has two main objectives. Firstly to increase the exposure of the AGSM community to recent trends within consumer focused industries and secondly, to provide students with opportunities to explore the range of roles available in the FMCG industry. Finance Society - The Society strives to foster an environment that encourages further learning and assists in career development in the corporate finance and financial services industry.
AGSM Student Society
We place a high value on the sense of community that has grown up amongst our students. A great place to start is by joining one of the student clubs and the very active AGSM Student Society. The role of the AGSM Student Society is to make the student experience as positive and fulfilling as possible. It also provides students with a platform to recommend changes or address concerns about their studies or any aspect of life at the school.AGSM MBA students in United states
Many AGSM MBA students live at New College Village - the University of New South Wales’ first residential community designed primarily for postgraduates. The focus of the New College Village is on providing an exciting postgraduate community. The NCV shares its name and similar ideals to that of New College at UNSW (which founded the NCV). This in turn takes its name in part from the original New College established at Oxford University in 1379. New College Village, like its counterparts, is a place concerned about the intellectual, social and spiritual development of its residents. It is a place that seeks to make a difference to people’s lives and instil a love for life-long learning and openness to the ideas of others.
16-month program MBA in USA
The full-time AGSM MBA is a globally-recognised qualification, ranking 32 in the world in the 2009 FT (UK) global rankings.The AGSM MBA is a 16-month program, based in Sydney. The core component of the program aims to embed core management disciplines, sharpen problem-solving and decision-making skills and develop influencing and team-based skills that will assist students in managing in a global business environment. The elective phase of the program provides an opportunity for students to take courses across a range of disciplines, or to focus on a special area of interest. The MBA incorporates an option for international exchange at one of AGSM’s 28 partner institutions including London Business School, Chicago Graduate School of Business and ESADE. Management projects and internships may also be built into the elective phase of the program.the MBA (Executive) Program is a part-time program delivered across Australia. Further, the Graduate Certificate in Change Management is delivered online. AGSM MBA Programs are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and were the first Australian programs to receive this accreditation.
MBA Degree in Australian School of Business
AGSM MBA Programs are delivered through the Australian School of Business at UNSW.The Australian School of Business is Australia’s leading business school. We offer a complete range of business degree programs at the undergraduate, postgraduate (including MBA) and executive education levels. We are committed to the pursuit of excellence in business education and research. We have over 8000 students studying in nine schools and research centres, 220 full-time academics and researchers who are global leaders in their fields. Our reputation is built on our outstanding staff, students and alumni and a cultural diversity which ensures an international focus. We have approximately 5,600 UG students, 2,900 PG students and 250 PhD and Honours students with an almost equal mix of women and men - 30-40% are international. We have over 50,000 alumni, many of whom are in senior positions in government, industry and academia. Our students are talented individuals from more than 120 countries who contribute to a business-school environment characterized by diversity and enlivened by the meeting of many cultures.
mba in Australia's leading research and teaching universities
The University of New South Wales is one of Australia's leading research and teaching universities. At UNSW, we take pride in the broad range and high quality of our teaching programs. Our teaching gains strength and currency from our research activities and our international nature; UNSW has a strong regional and global engagement. In developing new ideas and promoting lasting knowledge we are creating an academic environment where outstanding students and scholars from around the world can be inspired to excel in their programs of study and research.
Friday, May 28, 2010
Office Correspondence in MBA
OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE
Handling correspondence is an important part of office activities. 'Correspondence' means communication in writing as between individuals and institutions on matters of common interest. It may consist of a letter, circular, notice or memorandum but whatever may be its form, th object of the correspondent or sender of the communication is to convey some message or information without personal contact. It is true that face-to-face or telephonic communication adds personal touch t the process of communication and may b a more effective means in some cases; but these are neither practicable nor economical in all cases. Generally, they prove to be more expensive in terms of money , effort and time. On the other hand, written communication office numerous advantages. It is less expensive than all other media. It allows opportunity for adequate thinking and is, therefore, free from errors to a greater extent. Th length and form of the correspondence can be easily adapted to the subject matter and situation. It is more convenient to send unpleasant communication through correspondence. Finally, it provides a written record or evidence of all transactions between parties. For all these reasons, the importance of correspondence has increased rapidly in all parts of the world and in all spheres of activity. Indeed, in th would of business, every letter dispatched is regarded as a silent ambassador of the business, and the reputations of a business depends to a considerable extent on th quantity of correspondence sent from its office. This is all the more so because handling and transmission of written communication has been made both prompt and economical through the introduction of automatic office machines and labour-saving devices and improved means of transport and transmission (with the help of wireless transmitters, teleprinters, etc.)
Office correspondence may b 'external' or 'internal'. External correspondence refers to correspondence with outside individuals, firms, companies and other organisations, whereas internal correspondence refers to correspondence between one individual or department and another within the some as well as correspondence with branch offices, or with the head office of the same organisation.
The nature and form of office correspondence depend upon the purpose for which it is written or the functions of the department where is originates. Accordingly correspondence may be of various types. They may, however, be classified into three broad categories: (1) Correspondence on routine matters like acknowledgment letters, inquiry letters, reply to inquiries, order letters, announcement, invitation and appointment letters, etc. (2) Correspondence involving personal or emotional factors, such as letters requesting, granting or refusing co-operation or favour, letters; conveying gratefulness, appreciation, congratulation or commendation, letters of introduction or or recommendation, letters of sympathy or censure, etc. (3) Correspondence on matters involving special appeal, e.g., sales letters, collection letters, adjustment letters, credit letter, etc.
More Notes on OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE
Handling correspondence is an important part of office activities. 'Correspondence' means communication in writing as between individuals and institutions on matters of common interest. It may consist of a letter, circular, notice or memorandum but whatever may be its form, th object of the correspondent or sender of the communication is to convey some message or information without personal contact. It is true that face-to-face or telephonic communication adds personal touch t the process of communication and may b a more effective means in some cases; but these are neither practicable nor economical in all cases. Generally, they prove to be more expensive in terms of money , effort and time. On the other hand, written communication office numerous advantages. It is less expensive than all other media. It allows opportunity for adequate thinking and is, therefore, free from errors to a greater extent. Th length and form of the correspondence can be easily adapted to the subject matter and situation. It is more convenient to send unpleasant communication through correspondence. Finally, it provides a written record or evidence of all transactions between parties. For all these reasons, the importance of correspondence has increased rapidly in all parts of the world and in all spheres of activity. Indeed, in th would of business, every letter dispatched is regarded as a silent ambassador of the business, and the reputations of a business depends to a considerable extent on th quantity of correspondence sent from its office. This is all the more so because handling and transmission of written communication has been made both prompt and economical through the introduction of automatic office machines and labour-saving devices and improved means of transport and transmission (with the help of wireless transmitters, teleprinters, etc.)
Office correspondence may b 'external' or 'internal'. External correspondence refers to correspondence with outside individuals, firms, companies and other organisations, whereas internal correspondence refers to correspondence between one individual or department and another within the some as well as correspondence with branch offices, or with the head office of the same organisation.
The nature and form of office correspondence depend upon the purpose for which it is written or the functions of the department where is originates. Accordingly correspondence may be of various types. They may, however, be classified into three broad categories: (1) Correspondence on routine matters like acknowledgment letters, inquiry letters, reply to inquiries, order letters, announcement, invitation and appointment letters, etc. (2) Correspondence involving personal or emotional factors, such as letters requesting, granting or refusing co-operation or favour, letters; conveying gratefulness, appreciation, congratulation or commendation, letters of introduction or or recommendation, letters of sympathy or censure, etc. (3) Correspondence on matters involving special appeal, e.g., sales letters, collection letters, adjustment letters, credit letter, etc.
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Office Administration in MBA
A large variety of records are found in modern offices : letters, receipts, invoices, contracts, vouchers, statistics, accounts, tax records, notices, circulars, minutes, price lists, catalogues, etc. Generally, a modern business house has an accountant who is responsible for maintaining the books of accounts. Similarly, there may be qualified statistician to collect relevant information at regular intervals form various departments and other sources and present them in proper form to the man management. The office is concerned with supplying whatever information is required as promptly as possible either by preparing records or making available existing records. Hence, all relevant papers and documents relating to the business must be kept in some order so that whenever they are needed they cab b produced for us. Filing and Indexing are two very important aspects of records management. Filing which the location of records cab be easily known.
Filling is the process of arranging and storing records to that they cab be easily available when required. The importance of filing in an organisation arises from the simple fact that a large number of papers and documents cannot be preserved and handled without proper arrangement. “Records remember where people forget: but if these records cannot be found quickly when needed, the labour involved in producing and storing them is wasted.” Nothing causes more chaos more chaos in an office than unsystematic records management. Still, this aspect of office activity does not always receive proper attention as it is not considered to be a productive work.
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Negotiations in MBA
Understanding Negotiations
Negotiations are a means of resolving differences between people when imposed settlements are not possible. And because so much of our work and personal lives involve resolving differences, the ability to negotiate effectively is an essential life skill. Almost everything we do involves some kind of negotiation. If you think about it, you’ll realize that you negotiate all the time, every day. You negotiated to get your new job and a raise. You negotiated with coworkers about where to hold your last meeting. You negotiated with your spouse and other loved ones about where to take a vacation. When we buy and sell things, sell ideas, and solve problems that involve others, negotiation gets us what we want. Negotiation is a way to get one’s fair share, whether it’s selling a proposal to your boss, settling a labor dispute, buying real estate, or getting that new car. Most Americans are uncomfortable with negotiations (remember the last time you bought a new car?). This may be the consequence of bad experiences or of feeling unprepared to do them well. Ours, unlike some others in the world, is a haggle-free culture. And most Americans seem to prefer it that way. As evidence, consider the customer response to Saturn Corporation’s introduction of its no-haggle sales policy: Here’s the car, here’s the price. People loved it.
You can learn to be a good negotiator if:
You know what you want and what you are willing to give up.
You know (or have a good idea) what the other side wants andwhat it is willing to give up.
You come to the table with a ‘‘how can we both win’’ attitude.
You are skilled in problem solving, listening, basic conflict management, and the uses of tactics and strategies in negotiating.
More Notes on Understanding Negotiations
Negotiations are a means of resolving differences between people when imposed settlements are not possible. And because so much of our work and personal lives involve resolving differences, the ability to negotiate effectively is an essential life skill. Almost everything we do involves some kind of negotiation. If you think about it, you’ll realize that you negotiate all the time, every day. You negotiated to get your new job and a raise. You negotiated with coworkers about where to hold your last meeting. You negotiated with your spouse and other loved ones about where to take a vacation. When we buy and sell things, sell ideas, and solve problems that involve others, negotiation gets us what we want. Negotiation is a way to get one’s fair share, whether it’s selling a proposal to your boss, settling a labor dispute, buying real estate, or getting that new car. Most Americans are uncomfortable with negotiations (remember the last time you bought a new car?). This may be the consequence of bad experiences or of feeling unprepared to do them well. Ours, unlike some others in the world, is a haggle-free culture. And most Americans seem to prefer it that way. As evidence, consider the customer response to Saturn Corporation’s introduction of its no-haggle sales policy: Here’s the car, here’s the price. People loved it.
You can learn to be a good negotiator if:
You know what you want and what you are willing to give up.
You know (or have a good idea) what the other side wants andwhat it is willing to give up.
You come to the table with a ‘‘how can we both win’’ attitude.
You are skilled in problem solving, listening, basic conflict management, and the uses of tactics and strategies in negotiating.
More Notes on Understanding Negotiations
What is Zero Friction Marketing?
What is Zero Friction Marketing?
Why is the concept of Zero Friction catching up and has become one of the hottest discussed topics among top marketers?
Here is what my expereince says. I never believed that I could generate a six figure dollar income online. Nobody can. I have been using internet as a source of my earings since almost five years and was satisfied using the middle path. I wante to be sure I never do anything illegal, and wanted to keep a safe online income coming into my bank account. It was goign all smooth.
And when I read about Sam making a six digit dollar income, I rejected it as a fluke, till... till.. he bought his merc. Yes a bloody RED MERC. I am jealous and ... wanted to know how is he making that king of a money, and I did not have the guts to ask him, till he called me up, inviting for the opening of his new office. There, he opened his source to me. He introduced me to Zero Frinction Marketing. Zero Frinction ... means? It means that there is nothing betweeen you and money.
I had nothing to lose and decided to try it out.
It all started with a small Zero Frinction Marketing Book, I picked up from the net. A little tiny eBook that opened by eyes WIDE. I knew this is it.
Three months since I read those few pages and implemeted it, I am all set my by a new office, just next to Sam's.
I got this Book from here. I am sure ever person interested in making money online can really get good relevant information to make him real rich.
More Notes on Zero Friction Marketing
Why is the concept of Zero Friction catching up and has become one of the hottest discussed topics among top marketers?
Here is what my expereince says. I never believed that I could generate a six figure dollar income online. Nobody can. I have been using internet as a source of my earings since almost five years and was satisfied using the middle path. I wante to be sure I never do anything illegal, and wanted to keep a safe online income coming into my bank account. It was goign all smooth.
And when I read about Sam making a six digit dollar income, I rejected it as a fluke, till... till.. he bought his merc. Yes a bloody RED MERC. I am jealous and ... wanted to know how is he making that king of a money, and I did not have the guts to ask him, till he called me up, inviting for the opening of his new office. There, he opened his source to me. He introduced me to Zero Frinction Marketing. Zero Frinction ... means? It means that there is nothing betweeen you and money.
I had nothing to lose and decided to try it out.
It all started with a small Zero Frinction Marketing Book, I picked up from the net. A little tiny eBook that opened by eyes WIDE. I knew this is it.
Three months since I read those few pages and implemeted it, I am all set my by a new office, just next to Sam's.
I got this Book from here. I am sure ever person interested in making money online can really get good relevant information to make him real rich.
More Notes on Zero Friction Marketing
MBA in Advertising Management
ADVERTISING BUDGET
One of the criticisms leveled against advertising is based on tis 'high cost'. But no manufacture would spend unscrupulously because of one simple reason that high expenditure cannot be accommodated in the margin of profits. But, how far a manufacturer could spend on advertising ? This is a financial problem which is to be tackled by financial manager. Fundamentally, advertising expenditure relates to two aspects. One is the cost involved in the advertisement and the effects created by advertising. Secondly, the volume of advertising and tis relation to overall profitability. It is, thus, a complex problem which is often solved by pre-determining the amount that could be spent on advertising. This is done on the basis of analysis of markets, consumers, nature of products, etc. In other words, an advertising budget is prepared which shows ow much, where and for what purpose advertising funds will be spent. Simply stated manufacturer sets apart a sum to be spent for advertising which is referred ti as 'Advertising appropriation'. As mentioned above, the amount is not arbitrarily fixed but is determine on a scientific basis.
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EVALUATION SHOULD ALWAYS BE IN TERMS OF OBJECTIVES
There are several options of evaluation should always be in terms of objectives
(i) Objectives(ii) Readership(iii) Study the Message (iv) Investigate the Relation Between Readership and Attitudes Toward the Product(v) Small Group Research
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HOW IS THE ADVERTISING AGENCY REMUNERATED ?
The advertising agency receives its compensation from two sources-Commission from the owners of the advertising media and publishers. It is clear from the description that the advertising agency brings business to the owners of the advertising media. In recognition of the fact that advertising agency is paid certain commission, it is usually 15 % of the total amount of the bill by the owners of the media, as such clients pay nothing to it for handling their advertising. In fact it means that the large firms pay nothing for the services rendered by the agency in preparing and placing their advertisement. For instance if an agency occupies a time in radio publicity at a cost of Rs. 10,000, the bill is collected from the advertiser and is given back to the radio medium owners Rs. 8500 after deducting tis commission of Rs. 1500, being 15 %. Most advertising agencies receive about ¾th of their income from commissions. A small agency may earn less tan 2/3th of its income from commissions. The other sources of revenue is the fee charged by the agency to its clients for services on the advice, planning, copy writing, layouts, media selection, scheduling and placement of public relations, package design, point of purchase displays and preparation of sales manuals. Income from the fees varies between 10 % and 33 % of the total income of the agency depending on its size.
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INTRODUCTION
Advertising, though impersonal in character, could create profound influence in persuading prospects to become customers. In contrast to the marketing devices, the advertising carries only a message to the consumers and does not substantiates consumers with any physical presents.Essentially, advertising means spreading of information. From the earliest day men have proclaimed by word of mouth or in writing the virtue of goods which they have produced.
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MEASURING ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS
The evaluation of advertising is divided into media research, copy research and sales results research. The multi variable forces influencing sales make ti almost impossible to measure with high precision the sales effect of advertising. Consequently, most advertising research measures the characteristics of an advertisement, such as exposure, and the ability of the receiver to comprehend, retain and believe in the advertisement. If all of these are present, it is inferred that the advertisement will be effective in producing sales. The problem f measuring advertising effectiveness is still a frontier area for application of complexed scientific methods to market cultivation efforts, particularly in Indian conditions, in which advertising industry is growing; and its problems are closely tied to the economics and cultural problems of the country.
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PRODUCTION OF PRINT
The fundamental needs of print and broadcast media are quite dissimilar and hence they need separate treatment. Mechanical production has more importance for print media for advertising. We have to consider the limitations of production so that cost may not be enhanced and the advertisement may prove in-effective. A copy writer must tell story in fewer words for half page than he needs for the whole page. The emphasis remains the same for verbal and picture elements. If the advertisement is to be given colour, the selling points and benefits should be given in words but not in black and write. The message will be delivered by the medium and the use of printing process can influence the choice of picture. This can be effective' with high class magazines but it is not suitable for coarse paper used for news-papers. After the approval of the copy by the advertiser with layout and finished art for advertisements, these symbol should be translated in mass communication of a printed advertisement. These need a continuous operations in graphic arts. If it is to be printed by offset, the paste up copy is supplied to newspaper or magazine which we call it as “camera ready”. Proofs are adequately produced and photographic negatives are pasted in position exactly as they would appear in the final printed version. Photos and other continuous tone art are separately given to the photographer who pictures them through the screen and then pastes them in position with line negatives. These strips of negatives are used to make the offset printing plates. Thus we get the screened art. While printing is to be done by letter press, the design an size of the type are selected or specific and thus type is sent to the advertiser by agency for approving. Art work for pictures or other graphic elements is sent to the block maker with instructions with size screen and other instructions. Block maker's profits are taken out. They are approved an sent to the press for assembling with the type matter. The proofs of the completed advertisement are sent for final approval or corrections and printing plates are prepared for delivery to the media. The steps may differ with the kind of advertisement and the medium. A local advertiser may type text and lay-out to the newspaper directly. Newspaper functions for all the categories of jobs and compositors supply proofs to the advertiser for approval.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF ADVERTISEMENT
The core of all advertising is suggestion. Advertisement aims at suggesting buying of a particular thing; advertisement is a science of drawing attention. Some traits attract more attention than others. Much progress has been made in the art of advertisement by the discovery of internal and external determinants of attention. In order to understand the importance of attention as the psychological basis of advertisement, it shall be relevant to describe briefly the internal determinants attention.
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RESEARCH FOR ADVERTISING PLANNING
There was no need of advertising at all before the Industrial Revolution. Sellers used to met the buyers face. Thy knew the customers intimately. Hence, no research was needed. With the expansion of market the buyers and sellers became separate. Hence market informations became necessary. The elopement of business led to more gap and various intermediaries came in thereby sellers and buyers has no direct link. The information needed feed back which was done by market research. The process of informations gathering is market research which went through evolution was responsible to the needs of its own market places Marketing and advertising research are closely connected. Before advertising campaign development the market is analyzed to decider what kinds of tings are needed to be understood about the target market for the product. Research can b used in the development of creative strategy underlying the campaign an the measure of its effectiveness. Before we proceed let us clearly understand the difference between marketing research, marketing research advertising research which are often confused by the students.
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SALES EFFECTIVENESS MEASUREMENT
For those advertising managers who firmly believe that advertising must be evaluated by determining its impact on sales, some measures of sales response to advertising must be devised. Because of the many influences on sales in addition to that of advertisings the total sales of a product from the period in which the advertising was run are not a valid measure of advertising effectiveness. The only exception is in those rare cases where the management believes that advertising is the sole, at least the most important influence, on sales. However, where advertising objectives are stated in terms of sales, it is desirable to measures the effect of the advertising campaign so sales.
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SALES PROMOTION
It is true that the products are manufactured to satisfy the consumers. But this alone is not enough. Today, the responsibility of the manufacturer never creases as soon as the physical production is over. Whatever may be the nature of the product, the present-day markets are consumer-oriented, there it is the duty of he manufacturers to know what is required by customers. It sis also his duty to make the customers know from where, when, how, and at what prices the products would be available. The successful marketing lies on having the right product at the right price at the right place and time with promotion. But these rightnesses are not to be decided by the producer but by the customers. Furthermore, the customers do not judge these elements independently but they judge the combination of these elements. This makes it clear that there are certain activities that are to be undertaken by the producer in the sphere of selling also. In course of time, various activities came into vogue, destined particularly to help easy sale of goods. These activities commonly known as 'promotional activities' are, in management terminology named as promotional-mix'. It includes all those activities which are undertaken to promote the sale of products ultimately. It has thee important elements. viz., personal selling, advertising and sales promotion.
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THE STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF ADVERTISING
There are three parties involved in the process of advertising, such as: The advertiser
The advertising agency
The media owners
In market terms, advertisers constitute the buyers and media owners and sellers. There is also a third party who makes the buyers and seller meet, holding an intermediary position. In spite of the fact that the intermediaries are not essentially required, there are a large number of economies enjoyed both by the advertisers an the media owners because of the services rendered by advertising agents. From the viewpoint of media owners, these agents act as wholesaler, wholesalers, who assemble bulk orders. For that advertiser, agency constitutes a reservoir of skills which is beyond the capacity of a small firm to own such kills for itself. In addition, the agent is familiar with its media owner's language and method of operation, and in most cases they act as and interpreter between the parties.
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MBA in Organisational Behaviour
THE GREAT DEPRESSION:
The economy was operating in the high gear just before the thundering financial crash occurred in 1929.the production and the organization specialists had achieved great result s prior to the crash. After the crash the management began to realize the production could no longer be the only major responsibility of management. Marketing, finance and more importantly personnel were also required in order for a business to survive and grow. The depression‘s due to unemployment, discontent and insecurity brought and cope with. Personnel department were either created or given more importance and most managers now began to develop a new awakened view of the human aspects of their jobs. Thus human relations took an added significance, as an indirect, and in some cases direct.
THE RISE OF TRADE UNIONISM:
THE RISE OF TRADE UNIONISM:
Another important factor contributing factor to the rise of human relations role of management was the organized labour movement. Although labour unions were in existence in America as early as 1792, it was not until the passage of Wagner act in 1935 that the organized labor movement made an impact on management. In India, though workers unions existed since the later half of the 19th centaury, they operated under terrible legal constraints. It was only in 1926 with passage of trade union act 1926 that the manager began realizing that the trade union had come to stay in spite of the wishes of the managers or for that matter management. The only go to avoid any portable friction with the trade union was to understand the human relations role of the management
HOWTHORNE EXPERIEMENTS:
HOWTHORNE EXPERIEMENTS:
Western electric co. conducted Hawthorn works a research program in the work situations which affects the morale and productive efficiency of workers. During research the company was aided by suggestion of Prof. Elton mayo and his associates from Harvard University. Because large part that Harvard played in the project it is often referred to as the Hawthrone-Harward experiments or studies The Hawthorne studies represents the pioneer attempts to make a systematic and intensive study of the human factor and to demonstrate the utmost complexity in work setting where people interact in small groups under varied organizational conditions. Like any experiments design the researchers manipulated the independence variable (illumination) to observe its effects on the dependent variable and attempted to hold other factors under control. The following are the broad segments of the study
(a)Illumination experiments (1924-1927)To study the effects of changed illuminations on work, some groups of employee were formed in one group the illumination remained unchanged throughout the experiments whereas in other group (experimental group) the illumination was enhanced in intensity. Meanwhile the productivity in experimental group showed an improvement. But strangely the output of the control also went up. The researchers then preceded to decreases the illumination for the experimental group. The output went up. Everybody recognized there wads something much more important other than wages, hours, working condition, which influences the productivity.
(d) Relay room experiments.The relay room experiments were initiated in 1927 represents the actual beginning of the Hawthorne studies. Taking a clue from illumination experiments the research continued taking 2 girls for the experiments. These girls were asked to choose other 4 girls and, made a small group of 6.the group was employed in assembling telephone relays. The experiments started by introducing numerous changes each of which continued for a test period ranging from four to twelve weeks. Under normal working conditions with a forty eight hour week and no rest pauses, each girl produced 2400 relays week. These girls were then placed on piece of work basis for 8 weeks and productivity increased. Next, two five minutes rest pauses introduced and afterwards increased to n10 minutes. Productivity increased sharply. Company provided hot meal free of charge, the productivity increased. After all these amenities withdraw and girls returned to their normal working condition with 48hours/week, and no free meals. But still the productivity was highest. The productivity increased because of girls attitudes towards their works. The group developed a sense of responsibility and self discipline © Second relay room and mica splitting test room experimentsIn the mica splitting study, although the isolated test room conditions of the original relay study were reproduced, the workers were engaged under their normal individual piece rate plan rather than small group incentive schemes employed with the lay room experimental subjects. As result the productivity increased 15% during the period of 14 months.
(d) Mass interviewing programAnother major aspect of the Hawthorne studies consisted of 21000 interviews carried out during1928 to 1930.the original objective was to explore information, wich could be used to improve supervisory training. Initially these interviews were conducted by means of direct questioning. But this method had disadvantage of simply yes or no response. Thus the method has changed to non directive interviewing where the interviewer was to listen instead of talk, argue or advice, and take on the role of confidant.
(e) Bank wiring room study:The chief objective was to conduct an observational analysis of the work group.In this experiment 14 men were chosen for bank wiring. This was the process where two lose wire ends were soldered. In that 9 were wiremen, 3 solder man, 2 inspectors. The job involved attaching wires to switches for certain parts of telephone equipment. The study involved no experimental changes once it had started it were carried out by 2 persons-an observer and an interviewer. The interviewer remained as an outsider and his task was to explore as much possible by interviewing the individual worker .he carried his work in strict confidence, privately and in different part of the company. He never entered wiring room. the result of the bank wiring room which are marked apposite to those obtained relay room, revealed that this small group of workers emerged as a team with informal leaders who had come up spontaneously. The group was indifferent towards the financial incentives of the factory .the output was neither more nor less. This implies that it would be irrational to break up these groups. Go to next chapter>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.
(a)Illumination experiments (1924-1927)To study the effects of changed illuminations on work, some groups of employee were formed in one group the illumination remained unchanged throughout the experiments whereas in other group (experimental group) the illumination was enhanced in intensity. Meanwhile the productivity in experimental group showed an improvement. But strangely the output of the control also went up. The researchers then preceded to decreases the illumination for the experimental group. The output went up. Everybody recognized there wads something much more important other than wages, hours, working condition, which influences the productivity.
(d) Relay room experiments.The relay room experiments were initiated in 1927 represents the actual beginning of the Hawthorne studies. Taking a clue from illumination experiments the research continued taking 2 girls for the experiments. These girls were asked to choose other 4 girls and, made a small group of 6.the group was employed in assembling telephone relays. The experiments started by introducing numerous changes each of which continued for a test period ranging from four to twelve weeks. Under normal working conditions with a forty eight hour week and no rest pauses, each girl produced 2400 relays week. These girls were then placed on piece of work basis for 8 weeks and productivity increased. Next, two five minutes rest pauses introduced and afterwards increased to n10 minutes. Productivity increased sharply. Company provided hot meal free of charge, the productivity increased. After all these amenities withdraw and girls returned to their normal working condition with 48hours/week, and no free meals. But still the productivity was highest. The productivity increased because of girls attitudes towards their works. The group developed a sense of responsibility and self discipline © Second relay room and mica splitting test room experimentsIn the mica splitting study, although the isolated test room conditions of the original relay study were reproduced, the workers were engaged under their normal individual piece rate plan rather than small group incentive schemes employed with the lay room experimental subjects. As result the productivity increased 15% during the period of 14 months.
(d) Mass interviewing programAnother major aspect of the Hawthorne studies consisted of 21000 interviews carried out during1928 to 1930.the original objective was to explore information, wich could be used to improve supervisory training. Initially these interviews were conducted by means of direct questioning. But this method had disadvantage of simply yes or no response. Thus the method has changed to non directive interviewing where the interviewer was to listen instead of talk, argue or advice, and take on the role of confidant.
(e) Bank wiring room study:The chief objective was to conduct an observational analysis of the work group.In this experiment 14 men were chosen for bank wiring. This was the process where two lose wire ends were soldered. In that 9 were wiremen, 3 solder man, 2 inspectors. The job involved attaching wires to switches for certain parts of telephone equipment. The study involved no experimental changes once it had started it were carried out by 2 persons-an observer and an interviewer. The interviewer remained as an outsider and his task was to explore as much possible by interviewing the individual worker .he carried his work in strict confidence, privately and in different part of the company. He never entered wiring room. the result of the bank wiring room which are marked apposite to those obtained relay room, revealed that this small group of workers emerged as a team with informal leaders who had come up spontaneously. The group was indifferent towards the financial incentives of the factory .the output was neither more nor less. This implies that it would be irrational to break up these groups. Go to next chapter>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.
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